1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 Linux kernel licensing rules
4 ============================
6 The Linux Kernel is provided under the terms of the GNU General Public
7 License version 2 only (GPL-2.0), as provided in LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0,
8 with an explicit syscall exception described in
9 LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note, as described in the COPYING file.
11 This documentation file provides a description of how each source file
12 should be annotated to make its license clear and unambiguous.
13 It doesn't replace the Kernel's license.
15 The license described in the COPYING file applies to the kernel source
16 as a whole, though individual source files can have a different license
17 which is required to be compatible with the GPL-2.0::
19 GPL-1.0+ : GNU General Public License v1.0 or later
20 GPL-2.0+ : GNU General Public License v2.0 or later
21 LGPL-2.0 : GNU Library General Public License v2 only
22 LGPL-2.0+ : GNU Library General Public License v2 or later
23 LGPL-2.1 : GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 only
24 LGPL-2.1+ : GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 or later
26 Aside from that, individual files can be provided under a dual license,
27 e.g. one of the compatible GPL variants and alternatively under a
28 permissive license like BSD, MIT etc.
30 The User-space API (UAPI) header files, which describe the interface of
31 user-space programs to the kernel are a special case. According to the
32 note in the kernel COPYING file, the syscall interface is a clear boundary,
33 which does not extend the GPL requirements to any software which uses it to
34 communicate with the kernel. Because the UAPI headers must be includable
35 into any source files which create an executable running on the Linux
36 kernel, the exception must be documented by a special license expression.
38 The common way of expressing the license of a source file is to add the
39 matching boilerplate text into the top comment of the file. Due to
40 formatting, typos etc. these "boilerplates" are hard to validate for
41 tools which are used in the context of license compliance.
43 An alternative to boilerplate text is the use of Software Package Data
44 Exchange (SPDX) license identifiers in each source file. SPDX license
45 identifiers are machine parsable and precise shorthands for the license
46 under which the content of the file is contributed. SPDX license
47 identifiers are managed by the SPDX Workgroup at the Linux Foundation and
48 have been agreed on by partners throughout the industry, tool vendors, and
49 legal teams. For further information see https://spdx.org/
51 The Linux kernel requires the precise SPDX identifier in all source files.
52 The valid identifiers used in the kernel are explained in the section
53 `License identifiers`_ and have been retrieved from the official SPDX
54 license list at https://spdx.org/licenses/ along with the license texts.
56 License identifier syntax
57 -------------------------
61 The SPDX license identifier in kernel files shall be added at the first
62 possible line in a file which can contain a comment. For the majority
63 or files this is the first line, except for scripts which require the
64 '#!PATH_TO_INTERPRETER' in the first line. For those scripts the SPDX
65 identifier goes into the second line.
71 The SPDX license identifier is added in form of a comment. The comment
72 style depends on the file type::
74 C source: // SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
75 C header: /* SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression> */
76 ASM: /* SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression> */
77 scripts: # SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
78 .rst: .. SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
79 .dts{i}: // SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
81 If a specific tool cannot handle the standard comment style, then the
82 appropriate comment mechanism which the tool accepts shall be used. This
83 is the reason for having the "/\* \*/" style comment in C header
84 files. There was build breakage observed with generated .lds files where
85 'ld' failed to parse the C++ comment. This has been fixed by now, but
86 there are still older assembler tools which cannot handle C++ style
93 A <SPDX License Expression> is either an SPDX short form license
94 identifier found on the SPDX License List, or the combination of two
95 SPDX short form license identifiers separated by "WITH" when a license
96 exception applies. When multiple licenses apply, an expression consists
97 of keywords "AND", "OR" separating sub-expressions and surrounded by
100 License identifiers for licenses like [L]GPL with the 'or later' option
101 are constructed by using a "+" for indicating the 'or later' option.::
103 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
104 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+
106 WITH should be used when there is a modifier to a license needed.
107 For example, the linux kernel UAPI files use the expression::
109 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note
110 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note
112 Other examples using WITH exceptions found in the kernel are::
114 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH mif-exception
115 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ WITH GCC-exception-2.0
117 Exceptions can only be used with particular License identifiers. The
118 valid License identifiers are listed in the tags of the exception text
119 file. For details see the point `Exceptions`_ in the chapter `License
122 OR should be used if the file is dual licensed and only one license is
123 to be selected. For example, some dtsi files are available under dual
126 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause
128 Examples from the kernel for license expressions in dual licensed files::
130 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR MIT
131 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause
132 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR Apache-2.0
133 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR MPL-1.1
134 // SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT
135 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-1.0+ OR BSD-3-Clause OR OpenSSL
137 AND should be used if the file has multiple licenses whose terms all
138 apply to use the file. For example, if code is inherited from another
139 project and permission has been given to put it in the kernel, but the
140 original license terms need to remain in effect::
142 // SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT
144 Another other example where both sets of license terms need to be
147 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-1.0+ AND LGPL-2.1+
152 The licenses currently used, as well as the licenses for code added to the
153 kernel, can be broken down into:
155 1. _`Preferred licenses`:
157 Whenever possible these licenses should be used as they are known to be
158 fully compatible and widely used. These licenses are available from the
163 in the kernel source tree.
165 The files in this directory contain the full license text and
166 `Metatags`_. The file names are identical to the SPDX license
167 identifier which shall be used for the license in source files.
171 LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0
173 Contains the GPL version 2 license text and the required metatags::
175 LICENSES/preferred/MIT
177 Contains the MIT license text and the required metatags
181 The following meta tags must be available in a license file:
183 - Valid-License-Identifier:
185 One or more lines which declare which License Identifiers are valid
186 inside the project to reference this particular license text. Usually
187 this is a single valid identifier, but e.g. for licenses with the 'or
188 later' options two identifiers are valid.
192 The URL of the SPDX page which contains additional information related
197 Freeform text for usage advice. The text must include correct examples
198 for the SPDX license identifiers as they should be put into source
199 files according to the `License identifier syntax`_ guidelines.
203 All text after this tag is treated as the original license text
205 File format examples::
207 Valid-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
208 Valid-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
209 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-2.0.html
211 To use this license in source code, put one of the following SPDX
212 tag/value pairs into a comment according to the placement
213 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
214 For 'GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 only' use:
215 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
216 For 'GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 or any later version' use:
217 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
223 SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
224 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT.html
226 To use this license in source code, put the following SPDX
227 tag/value pair into a comment according to the placement
228 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
229 SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
235 2. Not recommended licenses:
237 These licenses should only be used for existing code or for importing
238 code from a different project. These licenses are available from the
243 in the kernel source tree.
245 The files in this directory contain the full license text and
246 `Metatags`_. The file names are identical to the SPDX license
247 identifier which shall be used for the license in source files.
253 Contains the Internet Systems Consortium license text and the required
258 Contains the ZLIB license text and the required metatags.
262 The metatag requirements for 'other' licenses are identical to the
263 requirements of the `Preferred licenses`_.
265 File format example::
267 Valid-License-Identifier: ISC
268 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/ISC.html
270 Usage of this license in the kernel for new code is discouraged
271 and it should solely be used for importing code from an already
273 To use this license in source code, put the following SPDX
274 tag/value pair into a comment according to the placement
275 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
276 SPDX-License-Identifier: ISC
284 Some licenses can be amended with exceptions which grant certain rights
285 which the original license does not. These exceptions are available
290 in the kernel source tree. The files in this directory contain the full
291 exception text and the required `Exception Metatags`_.
295 LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note
297 Contains the Linux syscall exception as documented in the COPYING
298 file of the Linux kernel, which is used for UAPI header files.
299 e.g. /\* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note \*/::
301 LICENSES/exceptions/GCC-exception-2.0
303 Contains the GCC 'linking exception' which allows to link any binary
304 independent of its license against the compiled version of a file marked
305 with this exception. This is required for creating runnable executables
306 from source code which is not compatible with the GPL.
308 _`Exception Metatags`:
310 The following meta tags must be available in an exception file:
312 - SPDX-Exception-Identifier:
314 One exception identifier which can be used with SPDX license
319 The URL of the SPDX page which contains additional information related
324 A comma separated list of SPDX license identifiers for which the
325 exception can be used.
329 Freeform text for usage advice. The text must be followed by correct
330 examples for the SPDX license identifiers as they should be put into
331 source files according to the `License identifier syntax`_ guidelines.
335 All text after this tag is treated as the original exception text
337 File format examples::
339 SPDX-Exception-Identifier: Linux-syscall-note
340 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/Linux-syscall-note.html
341 SPDX-Licenses: GPL-2.0, GPL-2.0+, GPL-1.0+, LGPL-2.0, LGPL-2.0+, LGPL-2.1, LGPL-2.1+
343 This exception is used together with one of the above SPDX-Licenses
344 to mark user-space API (uapi) header files so they can be included
345 into non GPL compliant user-space application code.
346 To use this exception add it with the keyword WITH to one of the
347 identifiers in the SPDX-Licenses tag:
348 SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX-License> WITH Linux-syscall-note
354 SPDX-Exception-Identifier: GCC-exception-2.0
355 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/GCC-exception-2.0.html
356 SPDX-Licenses: GPL-2.0, GPL-2.0+
358 The "GCC Runtime Library exception 2.0" is used together with one
359 of the above SPDX-Licenses for code imported from the GCC runtime
361 To use this exception add it with the keyword WITH to one of the
362 identifiers in the SPDX-Licenses tag:
363 SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX-License> WITH GCC-exception-2.0
368 All SPDX license identifiers and exceptions must have a corresponding file
369 in the LICENSE subdirectories. This is required to allow tool
370 verification (e.g. checkpatch.pl) and to have the licenses ready to read
371 and extract right from the source, which is recommended by various FOSS
372 organizations, e.g. the `FSFE REUSE initiative <https://reuse.software/>`_.