1 If variable is of Type, use printk format specifier:
2 ---------------------------------------------------------
6 unsigned long %lu or %lx
8 unsigned long long %llu or %llx
12 Raw pointer value SHOULD be printed with %p. The kernel supports
13 the following extended format specifiers for pointer types:
15 Symbols/Function Pointers:
17 %pF versatile_init+0x0/0x110
19 %pS versatile_init+0x0/0x110
20 %pSR versatile_init+0x9/0x110
21 (with __builtin_extract_return_addr() translation)
23 %pB prev_fn_of_versatile_init+0x88/0x88
25 For printing symbols and function pointers. The 'S' and 's' specifiers
26 result in the symbol name with ('S') or without ('s') offsets. Where
27 this is used on a kernel without KALLSYMS - the symbol address is
30 The 'B' specifier results in the symbol name with offsets and should be
31 used when printing stack backtraces. The specifier takes into
32 consideration the effect of compiler optimisations which may occur
33 when tail-call's are used and marked with the noreturn GCC attribute.
35 On ia64, ppc64 and parisc64 architectures function pointers are
36 actually function descriptors which must first be resolved. The 'F' and
37 'f' specifiers perform this resolution and then provide the same
38 functionality as the 'S' and 's' specifiers.
42 %pK 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
44 For printing kernel pointers which should be hidden from unprivileged
45 users. The behaviour of %pK depends on the kptr_restrict sysctl - see
46 Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt for more details.
50 %pr [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff flags 0x2200] or
51 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff flags 0x2200]
52 %pR [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff pref] or
53 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff pref]
55 For printing struct resources. The 'R' and 'r' specifiers result in a
56 printed resource with ('R') or without ('r') a decoded flags member.
58 Physical addresses types phys_addr_t:
60 %pa[p] 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
62 For printing a phys_addr_t type (and its derivatives, such as
63 resource_size_t) which can vary based on build options, regardless of
64 the width of the CPU data path. Passed by reference.
66 DMA addresses types dma_addr_t:
68 %pad 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
70 For printing a dma_addr_t type which can vary based on build options,
71 regardless of the width of the CPU data path. Passed by reference.
73 Raw buffer as an escaped string:
77 For printing raw buffer as an escaped string. For the following buffer
79 1b 62 20 5c 43 07 22 90 0d 5d
81 few examples show how the conversion would be done (the result string
82 without surrounding quotes):
84 %*pE "\eb \C\a"\220\r]"
85 %*pEhp "\x1bb \C\x07"\x90\x0d]"
86 %*pEa "\e\142\040\\\103\a\042\220\r\135"
88 The conversion rules are applied according to an optional combination
89 of flags (see string_escape_mem() kernel documentation for the
98 By default ESCAPE_ANY_NP is used.
100 ESCAPE_ANY_NP is the sane choice for many cases, in particularly for
103 If field width is omitted the 1 byte only will be escaped.
105 Raw buffer as a hex string:
107 %*phC 00:01:02: ... :3f
108 %*phD 00-01-02- ... -3f
111 For printing a small buffers (up to 64 bytes long) as a hex string with
112 certain separator. For the larger buffers consider to use
117 %pM 00:01:02:03:04:05
118 %pMR 05:04:03:02:01:00
119 %pMF 00-01-02-03-04-05
123 For printing 6-byte MAC/FDDI addresses in hex notation. The 'M' and 'm'
124 specifiers result in a printed address with ('M') or without ('m') byte
125 separators. The default byte separator is the colon (':').
127 Where FDDI addresses are concerned the 'F' specifier can be used after
128 the 'M' specifier to use dash ('-') separators instead of the default
131 For Bluetooth addresses the 'R' specifier shall be used after the 'M'
132 specifier to use reversed byte order suitable for visual interpretation
133 of Bluetooth addresses which are in the little endian order.
141 For printing IPv4 dot-separated decimal addresses. The 'I4' and 'i4'
142 specifiers result in a printed address with ('i4') or without ('I4')
145 The additional 'h', 'n', 'b', and 'l' specifiers are used to specify
146 host, network, big or little endian order addresses respectively. Where
147 no specifier is provided the default network/big endian order is used.
151 %pI6 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
152 %pi6 00010002000300040005000600070008
153 %pI6c 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
155 For printing IPv6 network-order 16-bit hex addresses. The 'I6' and 'i6'
156 specifiers result in a printed address with ('I6') or without ('i6')
157 colon-separators. Leading zeros are always used.
159 The additional 'c' specifier can be used with the 'I' specifier to
160 print a compressed IPv6 address as described by
161 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952
163 IPv4/IPv6 addresses (generic, with port, flowinfo, scope):
165 %pIS 1.2.3.4 or 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
166 %piS 001.002.003.004 or 00010002000300040005000600070008
167 %pISc 1.2.3.4 or 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
168 %pISpc 1.2.3.4:12345 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:12345
171 For printing an IP address without the need to distinguish whether it's
172 of type AF_INET or AF_INET6, a pointer to a valid 'struct sockaddr',
173 specified through 'IS' or 'iS', can be passed to this format specifier.
175 The additional 'p', 'f', and 's' specifiers are used to specify port
176 (IPv4, IPv6), flowinfo (IPv6) and scope (IPv6). Ports have a ':' prefix,
177 flowinfo a '/' and scope a '%', each followed by the actual value.
179 In case of an IPv6 address the compressed IPv6 address as described by
180 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952 is being used if the additional
181 specifier 'c' is given. The IPv6 address is surrounded by '[', ']' in
182 case of additional specifiers 'p', 'f' or 's' as suggested by
183 https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-07
185 In case of IPv4 addresses, the additional 'h', 'n', 'b', and 'l'
186 specifiers can be used as well and are ignored in case of an IPv6
191 %pISfc 1.2.3.4 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]/123456789
192 %pISsc 1.2.3.4 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]%1234567890
193 %pISpfc 1.2.3.4:12345 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:12345/123456789
197 %pUb 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f
198 %pUB 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0A0B0C0D0E0F
199 %pUl 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0a0b0c0e0e0f
200 %pUL 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0A0B0C0E0E0F
202 For printing 16-byte UUID/GUIDs addresses. The additional 'l', 'L',
203 'b' and 'B' specifiers are used to specify a little endian order in
204 lower ('l') or upper case ('L') hex characters - and big endian order
205 in lower ('b') or upper case ('B') hex characters.
207 Where no additional specifiers are used the default little endian
208 order with lower case hex characters will be printed.
214 For printing dentry name; if we race with d_move(), the name might be
215 a mix of old and new ones, but it won't oops. %pd dentry is a safer
216 equivalent of %s dentry->d_name.name we used to use, %pd<n> prints
217 n last components. %pD does the same thing for struct file.
223 For printing struct va_format structures. These contain a format string
224 and va_list as follows:
231 Do not use this feature without some mechanism to verify the
232 correctness of the format string and va_list arguments.
234 u64 SHOULD be printed with %llu/%llx:
236 printk("%llu", u64_var);
238 s64 SHOULD be printed with %lld/%llx:
240 printk("%lld", s64_var);
242 If <type> is dependent on a config option for its size (e.g., sector_t,
243 blkcnt_t) or is architecture-dependent for its size (e.g., tcflag_t), use a
244 format specifier of its largest possible type and explicitly cast to it.
247 printk("test: sector number/total blocks: %llu/%llu\n",
248 (unsigned long long)sector, (unsigned long long)blockcount);
250 Reminder: sizeof() result is of type size_t.
252 Thank you for your cooperation and attention.
255 By Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> and
256 Andrew Murray <amurray@mpc-data.co.uk>