2 krefs allow you to add reference counters to your objects. If you
3 have objects that are used in multiple places and passed around, and
4 you don't have refcounts, your code is almost certainly broken. If
5 you want refcounts, krefs are the way to go.
7 To use a kref, add one to your data structures like:
18 The kref can occur anywhere within the data structure.
20 You must initialize the kref after you allocate it. To do this, call
25 data = kmalloc(sizeof(*data), GFP_KERNEL);
28 kref_init(&data->refcount);
30 This sets the refcount in the kref to 1.
32 Once you have an initialized kref, you must follow the following
35 1) If you make a non-temporary copy of a pointer, especially if
36 it can be passed to another thread of execution, you must
37 increment the refcount with kref_get() before passing it off:
38 kref_get(&data->refcount);
39 If you already have a valid pointer to a kref-ed structure (the
40 refcount cannot go to zero) you may do this without a lock.
42 2) When you are done with a pointer, you must call kref_put():
43 kref_put(&data->refcount, data_release);
44 If this is the last reference to the pointer, the release
45 routine will be called. If the code never tries to get
46 a valid pointer to a kref-ed structure without already
47 holding a valid pointer, it is safe to do this without
50 3) If the code attempts to gain a reference to a kref-ed structure
51 without already holding a valid pointer, it must serialize access
52 where a kref_put() cannot occur during the kref_get(), and the
53 structure must remain valid during the kref_get().
55 For example, if you allocate some data and then pass it to another
58 void data_release(struct kref *ref)
60 struct my_data *data = container_of(ref, struct my_data, refcount);
64 void more_data_handling(void *cb_data)
66 struct my_data *data = cb_data;
68 . do stuff with data here
70 kref_put(&data->refcount, data_release);
73 int my_data_handler(void)
77 struct task_struct *task;
78 data = kmalloc(sizeof(*data), GFP_KERNEL);
81 kref_init(&data->refcount);
83 kref_get(&data->refcount);
84 task = kthread_run(more_data_handling, data, "more_data_handling");
85 if (task == ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM)) {
87 kref_put(&data->refcount, data_release);
92 . do stuff with data here
95 kref_put(&data->refcount, data_release);
99 This way, it doesn't matter what order the two threads handle the
100 data, the kref_put() handles knowing when the data is not referenced
101 any more and releasing it. The kref_get() does not require a lock,
102 since we already have a valid pointer that we own a refcount for. The
103 put needs no lock because nothing tries to get the data without
104 already holding a pointer.
106 Note that the "before" in rule 1 is very important. You should never
109 task = kthread_run(more_data_handling, data, "more_data_handling");
110 if (task == ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM)) {
114 /* BAD BAD BAD - get is after the handoff */
115 kref_get(&data->refcount);
117 Don't assume you know what you are doing and use the above construct.
118 First of all, you may not know what you are doing. Second, you may
119 know what you are doing (there are some situations where locking is
120 involved where the above may be legal) but someone else who doesn't
121 know what they are doing may change the code or copy the code. It's
122 bad style. Don't do it.
124 There are some situations where you can optimize the gets and puts.
125 For instance, if you are done with an object and enqueuing it for
126 something else or passing it off to something else, there is no reason
127 to do a get then a put:
129 /* Silly extra get and put */
132 kref_put(&obj->ref, obj_cleanup);
134 Just do the enqueue. A comment about this is always welcome:
137 /* We are done with obj, so we pass our refcount off
138 to the queue. DON'T TOUCH obj AFTER HERE! */
140 The last rule (rule 3) is the nastiest one to handle. Say, for
141 instance, you have a list of items that are each kref-ed, and you wish
142 to get the first one. You can't just pull the first item off the list
143 and kref_get() it. That violates rule 3 because you are not already
144 holding a valid pointer. You must add a mutex (or some other lock).
147 static DEFINE_MUTEX(mutex);
151 struct kref refcount;
152 struct list_head link;
155 static struct my_data *get_entry()
157 struct my_data *entry = NULL;
159 if (!list_empty(&q)) {
160 entry = container_of(q.next, struct my_data, link);
161 kref_get(&entry->refcount);
163 mutex_unlock(&mutex);
167 static void release_entry(struct kref *ref)
169 struct my_data *entry = container_of(ref, struct my_data, refcount);
171 list_del(&entry->link);
175 static void put_entry(struct my_data *entry)
178 kref_put(&entry->refcount, release_entry);
179 mutex_unlock(&mutex);
182 The kref_put() return value is useful if you do not want to hold the
183 lock during the whole release operation. Say you didn't want to call
184 kfree() with the lock held in the example above (since it is kind of
185 pointless to do so). You could use kref_put() as follows:
187 static void release_entry(struct kref *ref)
189 /* All work is done after the return from kref_put(). */
192 static void put_entry(struct my_data *entry)
195 if (kref_put(&entry->refcount, release_entry)) {
196 list_del(&entry->link);
197 mutex_unlock(&mutex);
200 mutex_unlock(&mutex);
203 This is really more useful if you have to call other routines as part
204 of the free operations that could take a long time or might claim the
205 same lock. Note that doing everything in the release routine is still
206 preferred as it is a little neater.
209 Corey Minyard <minyard@acm.org>
211 A lot of this was lifted from Greg Kroah-Hartman's 2004 OLS paper and
212 presentation on krefs, which can be found at:
213 http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2004_kref_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2004.pdf
215 http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2004_kref_talk/
218 The above example could also be optimized using kref_get_unless_zero() in
221 static struct my_data *get_entry()
223 struct my_data *entry = NULL;
225 if (!list_empty(&q)) {
226 entry = container_of(q.next, struct my_data, link);
227 if (!kref_get_unless_zero(&entry->refcount))
230 mutex_unlock(&mutex);
234 static void release_entry(struct kref *ref)
236 struct my_data *entry = container_of(ref, struct my_data, refcount);
239 list_del(&entry->link);
240 mutex_unlock(&mutex);
244 static void put_entry(struct my_data *entry)
246 kref_put(&entry->refcount, release_entry);
249 Which is useful to remove the mutex lock around kref_put() in put_entry(), but
250 it's important that kref_get_unless_zero is enclosed in the same critical
251 section that finds the entry in the lookup table,
252 otherwise kref_get_unless_zero may reference already freed memory.
253 Note that it is illegal to use kref_get_unless_zero without checking its
254 return value. If you are sure (by already having a valid pointer) that
255 kref_get_unless_zero() will return true, then use kref_get() instead.
257 The function kref_get_unless_zero also makes it possible to use rcu
258 locking for lookups in the above example:
262 struct rcu_head rhead;
264 struct kref refcount;
269 static struct my_data *get_entry_rcu()
271 struct my_data *entry = NULL;
273 if (!list_empty(&q)) {
274 entry = container_of(q.next, struct my_data, link);
275 if (!kref_get_unless_zero(&entry->refcount))
282 static void release_entry_rcu(struct kref *ref)
284 struct my_data *entry = container_of(ref, struct my_data, refcount);
287 list_del_rcu(&entry->link);
288 mutex_unlock(&mutex);
289 kfree_rcu(entry, rhead);
292 static void put_entry(struct my_data *entry)
294 kref_put(&entry->refcount, release_entry_rcu);
297 But note that the struct kref member needs to remain in valid memory for a
298 rcu grace period after release_entry_rcu was called. That can be accomplished
299 by using kfree_rcu(entry, rhead) as done above, or by calling synchronize_rcu()
300 before using kfree, but note that synchronize_rcu() may sleep for a
301 substantial amount of time.
304 Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>