2 * budget-patch.c: driver for Budget Patch,
3 * hardware modification of DVB-S cards enabling full TS
5 * Written by Emard <emard@softhome.net>
7 * Original idea by Roberto Deza <rdeza@unav.es>
9 * Special thanks to Holger Waechtler, Michael Hunold, Marian Durkovic
12 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
13 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
14 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
15 * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
18 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
19 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
20 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
21 * GNU General Public License for more details.
23 * To obtain the license, point your browser to
24 * http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
27 * the project's page is at https://linuxtv.org
31 #include "av7110_hw.h"
39 DVB_DEFINE_MOD_OPT_ADAPTER_NR(adapter_nr
);
41 #define budget_patch budget
43 static struct saa7146_extension budget_extension
;
45 MAKE_BUDGET_INFO(ttbp
, "TT-Budget/Patch DVB-S 1.x PCI", BUDGET_PATCH
);
46 //MAKE_BUDGET_INFO(satel,"TT-Budget/Patch SATELCO PCI", BUDGET_TT_HW_DISEQC);
48 static const struct pci_device_id pci_tbl
[] = {
49 MAKE_EXTENSION_PCI(ttbp
,0x13c2, 0x0000),
50 // MAKE_EXTENSION_PCI(satel, 0x13c2, 0x1013),
56 /* those lines are for budget-patch to be tried
57 ** on a true budget card and observe the
58 ** behaviour of VSYNC generated by rps1.
59 ** this code was shamelessly copy/pasted from budget.c
61 static void gpio_Set22K (struct budget
*budget
, int state
)
63 struct saa7146_dev
*dev
=budget
->dev
;
64 dprintk(2, "budget: %p\n", budget
);
65 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, (state
? SAA7146_GPIO_OUTHI
: SAA7146_GPIO_OUTLO
));
68 /* Diseqc functions only for TT Budget card */
69 /* taken from the Skyvision DVB driver by
70 Ralph Metzler <rjkm@metzlerbros.de> */
72 static void DiseqcSendBit (struct budget
*budget
, int data
)
74 struct saa7146_dev
*dev
=budget
->dev
;
75 dprintk(2, "budget: %p\n", budget
);
77 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, SAA7146_GPIO_OUTHI
);
78 udelay(data
? 500 : 1000);
79 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, SAA7146_GPIO_OUTLO
);
80 udelay(data
? 1000 : 500);
83 static void DiseqcSendByte (struct budget
*budget
, int data
)
87 dprintk(2, "budget: %p\n", budget
);
89 for (i
=7; i
>=0; i
--) {
92 DiseqcSendBit(budget
, d
);
95 DiseqcSendBit(budget
, par
);
98 static int SendDiSEqCMsg (struct budget
*budget
, int len
, u8
*msg
, unsigned long burst
)
100 struct saa7146_dev
*dev
=budget
->dev
;
103 dprintk(2, "budget: %p\n", budget
);
105 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, SAA7146_GPIO_OUTLO
);
108 for (i
=0; i
<len
; i
++)
109 DiseqcSendByte(budget
, msg
[i
]);
115 DiseqcSendByte(budget
, 0xff);
117 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, SAA7146_GPIO_OUTHI
);
120 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, SAA7146_GPIO_OUTLO
);
128 /* shamelessly copy/pasted from budget.c */
129 static int budget_set_tone(struct dvb_frontend
*fe
,
130 enum fe_sec_tone_mode tone
)
132 struct budget
* budget
= (struct budget
*) fe
->dvb
->priv
;
136 gpio_Set22K (budget
, 1);
140 gpio_Set22K (budget
, 0);
150 static int budget_diseqc_send_master_cmd(struct dvb_frontend
* fe
, struct dvb_diseqc_master_cmd
* cmd
)
152 struct budget
* budget
= (struct budget
*) fe
->dvb
->priv
;
154 SendDiSEqCMsg (budget
, cmd
->msg_len
, cmd
->msg
, 0);
159 static int budget_diseqc_send_burst(struct dvb_frontend
*fe
,
160 enum fe_sec_mini_cmd minicmd
)
162 struct budget
* budget
= (struct budget
*) fe
->dvb
->priv
;
164 SendDiSEqCMsg (budget
, 0, NULL
, minicmd
);
169 static int budget_av7110_send_fw_cmd(struct budget_patch
*budget
, u16
* buf
, int length
)
173 dprintk(2, "budget: %p\n", budget
);
175 for (i
= 2; i
< length
; i
++)
177 ttpci_budget_debiwrite(budget
, DEBINOSWAP
, COMMAND
+ 2*i
, 2, (u32
) buf
[i
], 0,0);
181 ttpci_budget_debiwrite(budget
, DEBINOSWAP
, COMMAND
+ 2, 2, (u32
) buf
[1], 0,0);
183 ttpci_budget_debiwrite(budget
, DEBINOSWAP
, COMMAND
+ 2, 2, 0, 0,0);
185 ttpci_budget_debiwrite(budget
, DEBINOSWAP
, COMMAND
, 2, (u32
) buf
[0], 0,0);
190 static void av7110_set22k(struct budget_patch
*budget
, int state
)
192 u16 buf
[2] = {( COMTYPE_AUDIODAC
<< 8) | (state
? ON22K
: OFF22K
), 0};
194 dprintk(2, "budget: %p\n", budget
);
195 budget_av7110_send_fw_cmd(budget
, buf
, 2);
198 static int av7110_send_diseqc_msg(struct budget_patch
*budget
, int len
, u8
*msg
, int burst
)
201 u16 buf
[18] = { ((COMTYPE_AUDIODAC
<< 8) | SendDiSEqC
),
202 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
204 dprintk(2, "budget: %p\n", budget
);
213 buf
[3]=burst
? 0x01 : 0x00;
217 for (i
=0; i
<len
; i
++)
220 budget_av7110_send_fw_cmd(budget
, buf
, 18);
224 static int budget_patch_set_tone(struct dvb_frontend
*fe
,
225 enum fe_sec_tone_mode tone
)
227 struct budget_patch
* budget
= (struct budget_patch
*) fe
->dvb
->priv
;
231 av7110_set22k (budget
, 1);
235 av7110_set22k (budget
, 0);
245 static int budget_patch_diseqc_send_master_cmd(struct dvb_frontend
* fe
, struct dvb_diseqc_master_cmd
* cmd
)
247 struct budget_patch
* budget
= (struct budget_patch
*) fe
->dvb
->priv
;
249 av7110_send_diseqc_msg (budget
, cmd
->msg_len
, cmd
->msg
, 0);
254 static int budget_patch_diseqc_send_burst(struct dvb_frontend
*fe
,
255 enum fe_sec_mini_cmd minicmd
)
257 struct budget_patch
* budget
= (struct budget_patch
*) fe
->dvb
->priv
;
259 av7110_send_diseqc_msg (budget
, 0, NULL
, minicmd
);
264 static int alps_bsrv2_tuner_set_params(struct dvb_frontend
*fe
)
266 struct dtv_frontend_properties
*p
= &fe
->dtv_property_cache
;
267 struct budget_patch
* budget
= (struct budget_patch
*) fe
->dvb
->priv
;
270 struct i2c_msg msg
= { .addr
= 0x61, .flags
= 0, .buf
= buf
, .len
= sizeof(buf
) };
271 u32 div
= (p
->frequency
+ 479500) / 125;
273 if (p
->frequency
> 2000000)
275 else if (p
->frequency
> 1800000)
277 else if (p
->frequency
> 1600000)
279 else if (p
->frequency
> 1200000)
281 else if (p
->frequency
>= 1100000)
285 buf
[0] = (div
>> 8) & 0x7f;
287 buf
[2] = ((div
& 0x18000) >> 10) | 0x95;
288 buf
[3] = (pwr
<< 6) | 0x30;
290 // NOTE: since we're using a prescaler of 2, we set the
291 // divisor frequency to 62.5kHz and divide by 125 above
293 if (fe
->ops
.i2c_gate_ctrl
)
294 fe
->ops
.i2c_gate_ctrl(fe
, 1);
295 if (i2c_transfer (&budget
->i2c_adap
, &msg
, 1) != 1)
300 static struct ves1x93_config alps_bsrv2_config
= {
301 .demod_address
= 0x08,
306 static int grundig_29504_451_tuner_set_params(struct dvb_frontend
*fe
)
308 struct dtv_frontend_properties
*p
= &fe
->dtv_property_cache
;
309 struct budget_patch
* budget
= (struct budget_patch
*) fe
->dvb
->priv
;
312 struct i2c_msg msg
= { .addr
= 0x61, .flags
= 0, .buf
= data
, .len
= sizeof(data
) };
314 div
= p
->frequency
/ 125;
315 data
[0] = (div
>> 8) & 0x7f;
316 data
[1] = div
& 0xff;
320 if (fe
->ops
.i2c_gate_ctrl
)
321 fe
->ops
.i2c_gate_ctrl(fe
, 1);
322 if (i2c_transfer (&budget
->i2c_adap
, &msg
, 1) != 1)
327 static struct tda8083_config grundig_29504_451_config
= {
328 .demod_address
= 0x68,
331 static void frontend_init(struct budget_patch
* budget
)
333 switch(budget
->dev
->pci
->subsystem_device
) {
334 case 0x0000: // Hauppauge/TT WinTV DVB-S rev1.X
335 case 0x1013: // SATELCO Multimedia PCI
337 // try the ALPS BSRV2 first of all
338 budget
->dvb_frontend
= dvb_attach(ves1x93_attach
, &alps_bsrv2_config
, &budget
->i2c_adap
);
339 if (budget
->dvb_frontend
) {
340 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.tuner_ops
.set_params
= alps_bsrv2_tuner_set_params
;
341 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.diseqc_send_master_cmd
= budget_patch_diseqc_send_master_cmd
;
342 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.diseqc_send_burst
= budget_patch_diseqc_send_burst
;
343 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.set_tone
= budget_patch_set_tone
;
347 // try the ALPS BSRU6 now
348 budget
->dvb_frontend
= dvb_attach(stv0299_attach
, &alps_bsru6_config
, &budget
->i2c_adap
);
349 if (budget
->dvb_frontend
) {
350 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.tuner_ops
.set_params
= alps_bsru6_tuner_set_params
;
351 budget
->dvb_frontend
->tuner_priv
= &budget
->i2c_adap
;
353 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.diseqc_send_master_cmd
= budget_diseqc_send_master_cmd
;
354 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.diseqc_send_burst
= budget_diseqc_send_burst
;
355 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.set_tone
= budget_set_tone
;
359 // Try the grundig 29504-451
360 budget
->dvb_frontend
= dvb_attach(tda8083_attach
, &grundig_29504_451_config
, &budget
->i2c_adap
);
361 if (budget
->dvb_frontend
) {
362 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.tuner_ops
.set_params
= grundig_29504_451_tuner_set_params
;
363 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.diseqc_send_master_cmd
= budget_diseqc_send_master_cmd
;
364 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.diseqc_send_burst
= budget_diseqc_send_burst
;
365 budget
->dvb_frontend
->ops
.set_tone
= budget_set_tone
;
371 if (budget
->dvb_frontend
== NULL
) {
372 printk("dvb-ttpci: A frontend driver was not found for device [%04x:%04x] subsystem [%04x:%04x]\n",
373 budget
->dev
->pci
->vendor
,
374 budget
->dev
->pci
->device
,
375 budget
->dev
->pci
->subsystem_vendor
,
376 budget
->dev
->pci
->subsystem_device
);
378 if (dvb_register_frontend(&budget
->dvb_adapter
, budget
->dvb_frontend
)) {
379 printk("budget-av: Frontend registration failed!\n");
380 dvb_frontend_detach(budget
->dvb_frontend
);
381 budget
->dvb_frontend
= NULL
;
386 /* written by Emard */
387 static int budget_patch_attach (struct saa7146_dev
* dev
, struct saa7146_pci_extension_data
*info
)
389 struct budget_patch
*budget
;
394 #define PATCH_RESET 0
398 saa7146_write(dev
, MC1
, MASK_31
);
402 // initialize registers. Better to have it like this
403 // than leaving something unconfigured
404 saa7146_write(dev
, DD1_STREAM_B
, 0);
405 // port B VSYNC at rising edge
406 saa7146_write(dev
, DD1_INIT
, 0x00000200); // have this in budget-core too!
407 saa7146_write(dev
, BRS_CTRL
, 0x00000000); // VBI
410 // saa7146_write(dev, DEBI_CONFIG, MASK_30|MASK_28|MASK_18);
412 // zero all HPS registers
413 saa7146_write(dev
, HPS_H_PRESCALE
, 0); // r68
414 saa7146_write(dev
, HPS_H_SCALE
, 0); // r6c
415 saa7146_write(dev
, BCS_CTRL
, 0); // r70
416 saa7146_write(dev
, HPS_V_SCALE
, 0); // r60
417 saa7146_write(dev
, HPS_V_GAIN
, 0); // r64
418 saa7146_write(dev
, CHROMA_KEY_RANGE
, 0); // r74
419 saa7146_write(dev
, CLIP_FORMAT_CTRL
, 0); // r78
420 // Set HPS prescaler for port B input
421 saa7146_write(dev
, HPS_CTRL
, (1<<30) | (0<<29) | (1<<28) | (0<<12) );
422 saa7146_write(dev
, MC2
,
423 0 * (MASK_08
| MASK_24
) | // BRS control
424 0 * (MASK_09
| MASK_25
) | // a
425 0 * (MASK_10
| MASK_26
) | // b
426 1 * (MASK_06
| MASK_22
) | // HPS_CTRL1
427 1 * (MASK_05
| MASK_21
) | // HPS_CTRL2
428 0 * (MASK_01
| MASK_15
) // DEBI
431 // Disable RPS1 and RPS0
432 saa7146_write(dev
, MC1
, ( MASK_29
| MASK_28
));
433 // RPS1 timeout disable
434 saa7146_write(dev
, RPS_TOV1
, 0);
436 // code for autodetection
437 // will wait for VBI_B event (vertical blank at port B)
438 // and will reset GPIO3 after VBI_B is detected.
439 // (GPIO3 should be raised high by CPU to
440 // test if GPIO3 will generate vertical blank signal
441 // in budget patch GPIO3 is connected to VSYNC_B
444 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_UPLOAD
|
445 MASK_10
| MASK_09
| MASK_08
| MASK_06
| MASK_05
| MASK_04
| MASK_03
| MASK_02
);
447 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_PAUSE
| EVT_VBI_B
);
448 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_WR_REG_MASK
| (GPIO_CTRL
>>2));
449 WRITE_RPS1(GPIO3_MSK
);
450 WRITE_RPS1(SAA7146_GPIO_OUTLO
<<24);
452 // issue RPS1 interrupt to increment counter
453 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_INTERRUPT
);
454 // at least a NOP is neede between two interrupts
457 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_INTERRUPT
);
459 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_STOP
);
462 // set event counter 1 source as RPS1 interrupt (0x03) (rE4 p53)
463 // use 0x03 to track RPS1 interrupts - increase by 1 every gpio3 is toggled
464 // use 0x15 to track VPE interrupts - increase by 1 every vpeirq() is called
465 saa7146_write(dev
, EC1SSR
, (0x03<<2) | 3 );
466 // set event counter 1 threshold to maximum allowed value (rEC p55)
467 saa7146_write(dev
, ECT1R
, 0x3fff );
470 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, SAA7146_GPIO_OUTLO
);
471 // Set RPS1 Address register to point to RPS code (r108 p42)
472 saa7146_write(dev
, RPS_ADDR1
, dev
->d_rps1
.dma_handle
);
473 // Enable RPS1, (rFC p33)
474 saa7146_write(dev
, MC1
, (MASK_13
| MASK_29
));
478 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, SAA7146_GPIO_OUTHI
);
482 if( (saa7146_read(dev
, GPIO_CTRL
) & 0x10000000) == 0)
486 printk("Event Counter 1 0x%04x\n", saa7146_read(dev
, EC1R
) & 0x3fff );
489 saa7146_write(dev
, MC1
, ( MASK_29
));
492 printk("budget-patch not detected or saa7146 in non-default state.\n"
493 "try enabling resetting of 7146 with MASK_31 in MC1 register\n");
496 printk("BUDGET-PATCH DETECTED.\n");
499 /* OLD (Original design by Roberto Deza):
500 ** This code will setup the SAA7146_RPS1 to generate a square
501 ** wave on GPIO3, changing when a field (TS_HEIGHT/2 "lines" of
502 ** TS_WIDTH packets) has been acquired on SAA7146_D1B video port;
503 ** then, this GPIO3 output which is connected to the D1B_VSYNC
504 ** input, will trigger the acquisition of the alternate field
506 ** Currently, the TT_budget / WinTV_Nova cards have two ICs
507 ** (74HCT4040, LVC74) for the generation of this VSYNC signal,
508 ** which seems that can be done perfectly without this :-)).
511 /* New design (By Emard)
512 ** this rps1 code will copy internal HS event to GPIO3 pin.
513 ** GPIO3 is in budget-patch hardware connected to port B VSYNC
515 ** HS is an internal event of 7146, accessible with RPS
516 ** and temporarily raised high every n lines
517 ** (n in defined in the RPS_THRESH1 counter threshold)
518 ** I think HS is raised high on the beginning of the n-th line
519 ** and remains high until this n-th line that triggered
520 ** it is completely received. When the reception of n-th line
521 ** ends, HS is lowered.
523 ** To transmit data over DMA, 7146 needs changing state at
524 ** port B VSYNC pin. Any changing of port B VSYNC will
525 ** cause some DMA data transfer, with more or less packets loss.
526 ** It depends on the phase and frequency of VSYNC and
527 ** the way of 7146 is instructed to trigger on port B (defined
528 ** in DD1_INIT register, 3rd nibble from the right valid
529 ** numbers are 0-7, see datasheet)
531 ** The correct triggering can minimize packet loss,
532 ** dvbtraffic should give this stable bandwidths:
533 ** 22k transponder = 33814 kbit/s
534 ** 27.5k transponder = 38045 kbit/s
535 ** by experiment it is found that the best results
536 ** (stable bandwidths and almost no packet loss)
537 ** are obtained using DD1_INIT triggering number 2
538 ** (Va at rising edge of VS Fa = HS x VS-failing forced toggle)
539 ** and a VSYNC phase that occurs in the middle of DMA transfer
540 ** (about byte 188*512=96256 in the DMA window).
542 ** Phase of HS is still not clear to me how to control,
543 ** It just happens to be so. It can be seen if one enables
544 ** RPS_IRQ and print Event Counter 1 in vpeirq(). Every
545 ** time RPS_INTERRUPT is called, the Event Counter 1 will
546 ** increment. That's how the 7146 is programmed to do event
547 ** counting in this budget-patch.c
548 ** I *think* HPS setting has something to do with the phase
549 ** of HS but I can't be 100% sure in that.
551 ** hardware debug note: a working budget card (including budget patch)
552 ** with vpeirq() interrupt setup in mode "0x90" (every 64K) will
553 ** generate 3 interrupts per 25-Hz DMA frame of 2*188*512 bytes
554 ** and that means 3*25=75 Hz of interrupt frequency, as seen by
555 ** watch cat /proc/interrupts
557 ** If this frequency is 3x lower (and data received in the DMA
558 ** buffer don't start with 0x47, but in the middle of packets,
559 ** whose lengths appear to be like 188 292 188 104 etc.
560 ** this means VSYNC line is not connected in the hardware.
561 ** (check soldering pcb and pins)
562 ** The same behaviour of missing VSYNC can be duplicated on budget
563 ** cards, by setting DD1_INIT trigger mode 7 in 3rd nibble.
566 // Setup RPS1 "program" (p35)
570 // Wait Source Line Counter Threshold (p36)
571 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_PAUSE
| EVT_HS
);
573 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_WR_REG_MASK
| (GPIO_CTRL
>>2));
574 WRITE_RPS1(GPIO3_MSK
);
575 WRITE_RPS1(SAA7146_GPIO_OUTHI
<<24);
577 // issue RPS1 interrupt
578 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_INTERRUPT
);
580 // Wait reset Source Line Counter Threshold (p36)
581 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_PAUSE
| RPS_INV
| EVT_HS
);
583 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_WR_REG_MASK
| (GPIO_CTRL
>>2));
584 WRITE_RPS1(GPIO3_MSK
);
585 WRITE_RPS1(SAA7146_GPIO_OUTLO
<<24);
587 // issue RPS1 interrupt
588 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_INTERRUPT
);
590 // Jump to begin of RPS program (p37)
591 WRITE_RPS1(CMD_JUMP
);
592 WRITE_RPS1(dev
->d_rps1
.dma_handle
);
595 saa7146_setgpio(dev
, 3, SAA7146_GPIO_OUTLO
);
596 // Set RPS1 Address register to point to RPS code (r108 p42)
597 saa7146_write(dev
, RPS_ADDR1
, dev
->d_rps1
.dma_handle
);
599 if (!(budget
= kmalloc (sizeof(struct budget_patch
), GFP_KERNEL
)))
602 dprintk(2, "budget: %p\n", budget
);
604 err
= ttpci_budget_init(budget
, dev
, info
, THIS_MODULE
, adapter_nr
);
610 // Set Source Line Counter Threshold, using BRS (rCC p43)
611 // It generates HS event every TS_HEIGHT lines
612 // this is related to TS_WIDTH set in register
613 // NUM_LINE_BYTE3 in budget-core.c. If NUM_LINE_BYTE
614 // low 16 bits are set to TS_WIDTH bytes (TS_WIDTH=2*188
616 // should be set to trigger every TS_HEIGHT (512) lines.
618 saa7146_write(dev
, RPS_THRESH1
, budget
->buffer_height
| MASK_12
);
620 // saa7146_write(dev, RPS_THRESH0, ((TS_HEIGHT/2)<<16) |MASK_28| (TS_HEIGHT/2) |MASK_12 );
621 // Enable RPS1 (rFC p33)
622 saa7146_write(dev
, MC1
, (MASK_13
| MASK_29
));
625 dev
->ext_priv
= budget
;
627 budget
->dvb_adapter
.priv
= budget
;
628 frontend_init(budget
);
630 ttpci_budget_init_hooks(budget
);
635 static int budget_patch_detach (struct saa7146_dev
* dev
)
637 struct budget_patch
*budget
= (struct budget_patch
*) dev
->ext_priv
;
640 if (budget
->dvb_frontend
) {
641 dvb_unregister_frontend(budget
->dvb_frontend
);
642 dvb_frontend_detach(budget
->dvb_frontend
);
644 err
= ttpci_budget_deinit (budget
);
651 static int __init
budget_patch_init(void)
653 return saa7146_register_extension(&budget_extension
);
656 static void __exit
budget_patch_exit(void)
658 saa7146_unregister_extension(&budget_extension
);
661 static struct saa7146_extension budget_extension
= {
662 .name
= "budget_patch dvb",
665 .module
= THIS_MODULE
,
667 .attach
= budget_patch_attach
,
668 .detach
= budget_patch_detach
,
671 .irq_func
= ttpci_budget_irq10_handler
,
674 module_init(budget_patch_init
);
675 module_exit(budget_patch_exit
);
677 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
678 MODULE_AUTHOR("Emard, Roberto Deza, Holger Waechtler, Michael Hunold, others");
679 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for full TS modified DVB-S SAA7146+AV7110 based so-called Budget Patch cards");