lib/stackdepot.c

   1 /*
   2  * Generic stack depot for storing stack traces.
   3  *
   4  * Some debugging tools need to save stack traces of certain events which can
   5  * be later presented to the user. For example, KASAN needs to safe alloc and
   6  * free stacks for each object, but storing two stack traces per object
   7  * requires too much memory (e.g. SLUB_DEBUG needs 256 bytes per object for
   8  * that).
   9  *
  10  * Instead, stack depot maintains a hashtable of unique stacktraces. Since alloc
  11  * and free stacks repeat a lot, we save about 100x space.
  12  * Stacks are never removed from depot, so we store them contiguously one after
  13  * another in a contiguos memory allocation.
  14  *
  15  * Author: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
  16  * Copyright (C) 2016 Google, Inc.
  17  *
  18  * Based on code by Dmitry Chernenkov.
  19  *
  20  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  21  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
  22  * version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
  23  *
  24  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  25  * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  26  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  27  * General Public License for more details.
  28  *
  29  */
  30
  31 #include <linux/gfp.h>
  32 #include <linux/jhash.h>
  33 #include <linux/kernel.h>
  34 #include <linux/mm.h>
  35 #include <linux/percpu.h>
  36 #include <linux/printk.h>
  37 #include <linux/slab.h>
  38 #include <linux/stacktrace.h>
  39 #include <linux/stackdepot.h>
  40 #include <linux/string.h>
  41 #include <linux/types.h>
  42
  43 #define DEPOT_STACK_BITS (sizeof(depot_stack_handle_t) * 8)
  44
  45 #define STACK_ALLOC_NULL_PROTECTION_BITS 1
  46 #define STACK_ALLOC_ORDER 2 /* 'Slab' size order for stack depot, 4 pages */
  47 #define STACK_ALLOC_SIZE (1LL << (PAGE_SHIFT + STACK_ALLOC_ORDER))
  48 #define STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN 4
  49 #define STACK_ALLOC_OFFSET_BITS (STACK_ALLOC_ORDER + PAGE_SHIFT - \
  50                                         STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN)
  51 #define STACK_ALLOC_INDEX_BITS (DEPOT_STACK_BITS - \
  52                 STACK_ALLOC_NULL_PROTECTION_BITS - STACK_ALLOC_OFFSET_BITS)
  53 #define STACK_ALLOC_SLABS_CAP 8192
  54 #define STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS \
  55         (((1LL << (STACK_ALLOC_INDEX_BITS)) < STACK_ALLOC_SLABS_CAP) ? \
  56          (1LL << (STACK_ALLOC_INDEX_BITS)) : STACK_ALLOC_SLABS_CAP)
  57
  58 /* The compact structure to store the reference to stacks. */
  59 union handle_parts {
  60         depot_stack_handle_t handle;
  61         struct {
  62                 u32 slabindex : STACK_ALLOC_INDEX_BITS;
  63                 u32 offset : STACK_ALLOC_OFFSET_BITS;
  64                 u32 valid : STACK_ALLOC_NULL_PROTECTION_BITS;
  65         };
  66 };
  67
  68 struct stack_record {
  69         struct stack_record *next;      /* Link in the hashtable */
  70         u32 hash;                       /* Hash in the hastable */
  71         u32 size;                       /* Number of frames in the stack */
  72         union handle_parts handle;
  73         unsigned long entries[1];       /* Variable-sized array of entries. */
  74 };
  75
  76 static void *stack_slabs[STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS];
  77
  78 static int depot_index;
  79 static int next_slab_inited;
  80 static size_t depot_offset;
  81 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(depot_lock);
  82
  83 static bool init_stack_slab(void **prealloc)
  84 {
  85         if (!*prealloc)
  86                 return false;
  87         /*
  88          * This smp_load_acquire() pairs with smp_store_release() to
  89          * |next_slab_inited| below and in depot_alloc_stack().
  90          */
  91         if (smp_load_acquire(&next_slab_inited))
  92                 return true;
  93         if (stack_slabs[depot_index] == NULL) {
  94                 stack_slabs[depot_index] = *prealloc;
  95                 *prealloc = NULL;
  96         } else {
  97                 /* If this is the last depot slab, do not touch the next one. */
  98                 if (depot_index + 1 < STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS) {
  99                         stack_slabs[depot_index + 1] = *prealloc;
 100                         *prealloc = NULL;
 101                 }
 102                 /*
 103                  * This smp_store_release pairs with smp_load_acquire() from
 104                  * |next_slab_inited| above and in depot_save_stack().
 105                  */
 106                 smp_store_release(&next_slab_inited, 1);
 107         }
 108         return true;
 109 }
 110
 111 /* Allocation of a new stack in raw storage */
 112 static struct stack_record *depot_alloc_stack(unsigned long *entries, int size,
 113                 u32 hash, void **prealloc, gfp_t alloc_flags)
 114 {
 115         int required_size = offsetof(struct stack_record, entries) +
 116                 sizeof(unsigned long) * size;
 117         struct stack_record *stack;
 118
 119         required_size = ALIGN(required_size, 1 << STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN);
 120
 121         if (unlikely(depot_offset + required_size > STACK_ALLOC_SIZE)) {
 122                 if (unlikely(depot_index + 1 >= STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS)) {
 123                         WARN_ONCE(1, "Stack depot reached limit capacity");
 124                         return NULL;
 125                 }
 126                 depot_index++;
 127                 depot_offset = 0;
 128                 /*
 129                  * smp_store_release() here pairs with smp_load_acquire() from
 130                  * |next_slab_inited| in depot_save_stack() and
 131                  * init_stack_slab().
 132                  */
 133                 if (depot_index + 1 < STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS)
 134                         smp_store_release(&next_slab_inited, 0);
 135         }
 136         init_stack_slab(prealloc);
 137         if (stack_slabs[depot_index] == NULL)
 138                 return NULL;
 139
 140         stack = stack_slabs[depot_index] + depot_offset;
 141
 142         stack->hash = hash;
 143         stack->size = size;
 144         stack->handle.slabindex = depot_index;
 145         stack->handle.offset = depot_offset >> STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN;
 146         stack->handle.valid = 1;
 147         memcpy(stack->entries, entries, size * sizeof(unsigned long));
 148         depot_offset += required_size;
 149
 150         return stack;
 151 }
 152
 153 #define STACK_HASH_ORDER 20
 154 #define STACK_HASH_SIZE (1L << STACK_HASH_ORDER)
 155 #define STACK_HASH_MASK (STACK_HASH_SIZE - 1)
 156 #define STACK_HASH_SEED 0x9747b28c
 157
 158 static struct stack_record *stack_table[STACK_HASH_SIZE] = {
 159         [0 ...  STACK_HASH_SIZE - 1] = NULL
 160 };
 161
 162 /* Calculate hash for a stack */
 163 static inline u32 hash_stack(unsigned long *entries, unsigned int size)
 164 {
 165         return jhash2((u32 *)entries,
 166                                size * sizeof(unsigned long) / sizeof(u32),
 167                                STACK_HASH_SEED);
 168 }
 169
 170 /* Use our own, non-instrumented version of memcmp().
 171  *
 172  * We actually don't care about the order, just the equality.
 173  */
 174 static inline
 175 int stackdepot_memcmp(const unsigned long *u1, const unsigned long *u2,
 176                         unsigned int n)
 177 {
 178         for ( ; n-- ; u1++, u2++) {
 179                 if (*u1 != *u2)
 180                         return 1;
 181         }
 182         return 0;
 183 }
 184
 185 /* Find a stack that is equal to the one stored in entries in the hash */
 186 static inline struct stack_record *find_stack(struct stack_record *bucket,
 187                                              unsigned long *entries, int size,
 188                                              u32 hash)
 189 {
 190         struct stack_record *found;
 191
 192         for (found = bucket; found; found = found->next) {
 193                 if (found->hash == hash &&
 194                     found->size == size &&
 195                     !stackdepot_memcmp(entries, found->entries, size))
 196                         return found;
 197         }
 198         return NULL;
 199 }
 200
 201 void depot_fetch_stack(depot_stack_handle_t handle, struct stack_trace *trace)
 202 {
 203         union handle_parts parts = { .handle = handle };
 204         void *slab = stack_slabs[parts.slabindex];
 205         size_t offset = parts.offset << STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN;
 206         struct stack_record *stack = slab + offset;
 207
 208         trace->nr_entries = trace->max_entries = stack->size;
 209         trace->entries = stack->entries;
 210         trace->skip = 0;
 211 }
 212 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(depot_fetch_stack);
 213
 214 /**
 215  * depot_save_stack - save stack in a stack depot.
 216  * @trace - the stacktrace to save.
 217  * @alloc_flags - flags for allocating additional memory if required.
 218  *
 219  * Returns the handle of the stack struct stored in depot.
 220  */
 221 depot_stack_handle_t depot_save_stack(struct stack_trace *trace,
 222                                     gfp_t alloc_flags)
 223 {
 224         u32 hash;
 225         depot_stack_handle_t retval = 0;
 226         struct stack_record *found = NULL, **bucket;
 227         unsigned long flags;
 228         struct page *page = NULL;
 229         void *prealloc = NULL;
 230
 231         if (unlikely(trace->nr_entries == 0))
 232                 goto fast_exit;
 233
 234         hash = hash_stack(trace->entries, trace->nr_entries);
 235         bucket = &stack_table[hash & STACK_HASH_MASK];
 236
 237         /*
 238          * Fast path: look the stack trace up without locking.
 239          * The smp_load_acquire() here pairs with smp_store_release() to
 240          * |bucket| below.
 241          */
 242         found = find_stack(smp_load_acquire(bucket), trace->entries,
 243                            trace->nr_entries, hash);
 244         if (found)
 245                 goto exit;
 246
 247         /*
 248          * Check if the current or the next stack slab need to be initialized.
 249          * If so, allocate the memory - we won't be able to do that under the
 250          * lock.
 251          *
 252          * The smp_load_acquire() here pairs with smp_store_release() to
 253          * |next_slab_inited| in depot_alloc_stack() and init_stack_slab().
 254          */
 255         if (unlikely(!smp_load_acquire(&next_slab_inited))) {
 256                 /*
 257                  * Zero out zone modifiers, as we don't have specific zone
 258                  * requirements. Keep the flags related to allocation in atomic
 259                  * contexts and I/O.
 260                  */
 261                 alloc_flags &= ~GFP_ZONEMASK;
 262                 alloc_flags &= (GFP_ATOMIC | GFP_KERNEL);
 263                 alloc_flags |= __GFP_NOWARN;
 264                 page = alloc_pages(alloc_flags, STACK_ALLOC_ORDER);
 265                 if (page)
 266                         prealloc = page_address(page);
 267         }
 268
 269         spin_lock_irqsave(&depot_lock, flags);
 270
 271         found = find_stack(*bucket, trace->entries, trace->nr_entries, hash);
 272         if (!found) {
 273                 struct stack_record *new =
 274                         depot_alloc_stack(trace->entries, trace->nr_entries,
 275                                           hash, &prealloc, alloc_flags);
 276                 if (new) {
 277                         new->next = *bucket;
 278                         /*
 279                          * This smp_store_release() pairs with
 280                          * smp_load_acquire() from |bucket| above.
 281                          */
 282                         smp_store_release(bucket, new);
 283                         found = new;
 284                 }
 285         } else if (prealloc) {
 286                 /*
 287                  * We didn't need to store this stack trace, but let's keep
 288                  * the preallocated memory for the future.
 289                  */
 290                 WARN_ON(!init_stack_slab(&prealloc));
 291         }
 292
 293         spin_unlock_irqrestore(&depot_lock, flags);
 294 exit:
 295         if (prealloc) {
 296                 /* Nobody used this memory, ok to free it. */
 297                 free_pages((unsigned long)prealloc, STACK_ALLOC_ORDER);
 298         }
 299         if (found)
 300                 retval = found->handle.handle;
 301 fast_exit:
 302         return retval;
 303 }
 304 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(depot_save_stack);