1 Transactional Memory support
2 ============================
4 POWER kernel support for this feature is currently limited to supporting
5 its use by user programs. It is not currently used by the kernel itself.
7 This file aims to sum up how it is supported by Linux and what behaviour you
8 can expect from your user programs.
14 Hardware Transactional Memory is supported on POWER8 processors, and is a
15 feature that enables a different form of atomic memory access. Several new
16 instructions are presented to delimit transactions; transactions are
17 guaranteed to either complete atomically or roll back and undo any partial
20 A simple transaction looks like this:
26 ld r4, SAVINGS_ACCT(r3)
27 ld r5, CURRENT_ACCT(r3)
30 std r4, SAVINGS_ACCT(r3)
31 std r5, CURRENT_ACCT(r3)
38 ... test for odd failures ...
40 /* Retry the transaction if it failed because it conflicted with
45 The 'tbegin' instruction denotes the start point, and 'tend' the end point.
46 Between these points the processor is in 'Transactional' state; any memory
47 references will complete in one go if there are no conflicts with other
48 transactional or non-transactional accesses within the system. In this
49 example, the transaction completes as though it were normal straight-line code
50 IF no other processor has touched SAVINGS_ACCT(r3) or CURRENT_ACCT(r3); an
51 atomic move of money from the current account to the savings account has been
52 performed. Even though the normal ld/std instructions are used (note no
53 lwarx/stwcx), either *both* SAVINGS_ACCT(r3) and CURRENT_ACCT(r3) will be
54 updated, or neither will be updated.
56 If, in the meantime, there is a conflict with the locations accessed by the
57 transaction, the transaction will be aborted by the CPU. Register and memory
58 state will roll back to that at the 'tbegin', and control will continue from
59 'tbegin+4'. The branch to abort_handler will be taken this second time; the
60 abort handler can check the cause of the failure, and retry.
62 Checkpointed registers include all GPRs, FPRs, VRs/VSRs, LR, CCR/CR, CTR, FPCSR
63 and a few other status/flag regs; see the ISA for details.
65 Causes of transaction aborts
66 ============================
68 - Conflicts with cache lines used by other processors
71 - See the ISA for full documentation of everything that will abort transactions.
77 Syscalls made from within an active transaction will not be performed and the
78 transaction will be doomed by the kernel with the failure code TM_CAUSE_SYSCALL
79 | TM_CAUSE_PERSISTENT.
81 Syscalls made from within a suspended transaction are performed as normal and
82 the transaction is not explicitly doomed by the kernel. However, what the
83 kernel does to perform the syscall may result in the transaction being doomed
84 by the hardware. The syscall is performed in suspended mode so any side
85 effects will be persistent, independent of transaction success or failure. No
86 guarantees are provided by the kernel about which syscalls will affect
89 Care must be taken when relying on syscalls to abort during active transactions
90 if the calls are made via a library. Libraries may cache values (which may
91 give the appearance of success) or perform operations that cause transaction
92 failure before entering the kernel (which may produce different failure codes).
93 Examples are glibc's getpid() and lazy symbol resolution.
99 Delivery of signals (both sync and async) during transactions provides a second
100 thread state (ucontext/mcontext) to represent the second transactional register
101 state. Signal delivery 'treclaim's to capture both register states, so signals
102 abort transactions. The usual ucontext_t passed to the signal handler
103 represents the checkpointed/original register state; the signal appears to have
104 arisen at 'tbegin+4'.
106 If the sighandler ucontext has uc_link set, a second ucontext has been
107 delivered. For future compatibility the MSR.TS field should be checked to
108 determine the transactional state -- if so, the second ucontext in uc->uc_link
109 represents the active transactional registers at the point of the signal.
111 For 64-bit processes, uc->uc_mcontext.regs->msr is a full 64-bit MSR and its TS
112 field shows the transactional mode.
114 For 32-bit processes, the mcontext's MSR register is only 32 bits; the top 32
115 bits are stored in the MSR of the second ucontext, i.e. in
116 uc->uc_link->uc_mcontext.regs->msr. The top word contains the transactional
119 However, basic signal handlers don't need to be aware of transactions
120 and simply returning from the handler will deal with things correctly:
122 Transaction-aware signal handlers can read the transactional register state
123 from the second ucontext. This will be necessary for crash handlers to
124 determine, for example, the address of the instruction causing the SIGSEGV.
126 Example signal handler:
128 void crash_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc)
130 ucontext_t *ucp = uc;
131 ucontext_t *transactional_ucp = ucp->uc_link;
134 u64 msr = ucp->uc_mcontext.regs->msr;
135 /* May have transactional ucontext! */
136 #ifndef __powerpc64__
137 msr |= ((u64)transactional_ucp->uc_mcontext.regs->msr) << 32;
139 if (MSR_TM_ACTIVE(msr)) {
140 /* Yes, we crashed during a transaction. Oops. */
141 fprintf(stderr, "Transaction to be restarted at 0x%llx, but "
142 "crashy instruction was at 0x%llx\n",
143 ucp->uc_mcontext.regs->nip,
144 transactional_ucp->uc_mcontext.regs->nip);
148 fix_the_problem(ucp->dar);
151 When in an active transaction that takes a signal, we need to be careful with
152 the stack. It's possible that the stack has moved back up after the tbegin.
153 The obvious case here is when the tbegin is called inside a function that
154 returns before a tend. In this case, the stack is part of the checkpointed
155 transactional memory state. If we write over this non transactionally or in
156 suspend, we are in trouble because if we get a tm abort, the program counter and
157 stack pointer will be back at the tbegin but our in memory stack won't be valid
160 To avoid this, when taking a signal in an active transaction, we need to use
161 the stack pointer from the checkpointed state, rather than the speculated
162 state. This ensures that the signal context (written tm suspended) will be
163 written below the stack required for the rollback. The transaction is aborted
164 because of the treclaim, so any memory written between the tbegin and the
165 signal will be rolled back anyway.
167 For signals taken in non-TM or suspended mode, we use the
168 normal/non-checkpointed stack pointer.
171 Failure cause codes used by kernel
172 ==================================
174 These are defined in <asm/reg.h>, and distinguish different reasons why the
175 kernel aborted a transaction:
177 TM_CAUSE_RESCHED Thread was rescheduled.
178 TM_CAUSE_TLBI Software TLB invalid.
179 TM_CAUSE_FAC_UNAV FP/VEC/VSX unavailable trap.
180 TM_CAUSE_SYSCALL Syscall from active transaction.
181 TM_CAUSE_SIGNAL Signal delivered.
182 TM_CAUSE_MISC Currently unused.
183 TM_CAUSE_ALIGNMENT Alignment fault.
184 TM_CAUSE_EMULATE Emulation that touched memory.
186 These can be checked by the user program's abort handler as TEXASR[0:7]. If
187 bit 7 is set, it indicates that the error is consider persistent. For example
188 a TM_CAUSE_ALIGNMENT will be persistent while a TM_CAUSE_RESCHED will not.
193 GDB and ptrace are not currently TM-aware. If one stops during a transaction,
194 it looks like the transaction has just started (the checkpointed state is
195 presented). The transaction cannot then be continued and will take the failure
196 handler route. Furthermore, the transactional 2nd register state will be
197 inaccessible. GDB can currently be used on programs using TM, but not sensibly
198 in parts within transactions.