1 .. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
2 .. document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
3 .. Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
4 .. Foundation, with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts
5 .. and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included at
6 .. Documentation/userspace-api/media/fdl-appendix.rst.
8 .. TODO: replace it to GFDL-1.1-or-later WITH no-invariant-sections
12 ***********************
13 Video Overlay Interface
14 ***********************
16 **Also known as Framebuffer Overlay or Previewing.**
18 Video overlay devices have the ability to genlock (TV-)video into the
19 (VGA-)video signal of a graphics card, or to store captured images
20 directly in video memory of a graphics card, typically with clipping.
21 This can be considerable more efficient than capturing images and
22 displaying them by other means. In the old days when only nuclear power
23 plants needed cooling towers this used to be the only way to put live
26 Video overlay devices are accessed through the same character special
27 files as :ref:`video capture <capture>` devices.
31 The default function of a ``/dev/video`` device is video
32 capturing. The overlay function is only available after calling
33 the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl.
35 The driver may support simultaneous overlay and capturing using the
36 read/write and streaming I/O methods. If so, operation at the nominal
37 frame rate of the video standard is not guaranteed. Frames may be
38 directed away from overlay to capture, or one field may be used for
39 overlay and the other for capture if the capture parameters permit this.
41 Applications should use different file descriptors for capturing and
42 overlay. This must be supported by all drivers capable of simultaneous
43 capturing and overlay. Optionally these drivers may also permit
44 capturing and overlay with a single file descriptor for compatibility
45 with V4L and earlier versions of V4L2. [#f1]_
51 Devices supporting the video overlay interface set the
52 ``V4L2_CAP_VIDEO_OVERLAY`` flag in the ``capabilities`` field of struct
53 :c:type:`v4l2_capability` returned by the
54 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCAP` ioctl. The overlay I/O
55 method specified below must be supported. Tuners and audio inputs are
59 Supplemental Functions
60 ======================
62 Video overlay devices shall support :ref:`audio input <audio>`,
63 :ref:`tuner`, :ref:`controls <control>`,
64 :ref:`cropping and scaling <crop>` and
65 :ref:`streaming parameter <streaming-par>` ioctls as needed. The
66 :ref:`video input <video>` and :ref:`video standard <standard>`
67 ioctls must be supported by all video overlay devices.
73 Before overlay can commence applications must program the driver with
74 frame buffer parameters, namely the address and size of the frame buffer
75 and the image format, for example RGB 5:6:5. The
76 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` and
77 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` ioctls are available to get and
78 set these parameters, respectively. The :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` ioctl is
79 privileged because it allows to set up DMA into physical memory,
80 bypassing the memory protection mechanisms of the kernel. Only the
81 superuser can change the frame buffer address and size. Users are not
82 supposed to run TV applications as root or with SUID bit set. A small
83 helper application with suitable privileges should query the graphics
84 system and program the V4L2 driver at the appropriate time.
86 Some devices add the video overlay to the output signal of the graphics
87 card. In this case the frame buffer is not modified by the video device,
88 and the frame buffer address and pixel format are not needed by the
89 driver. The :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` ioctl is not privileged. An application
90 can check for this type of device by calling the :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`
93 A driver may support any (or none) of five clipping/blending methods:
95 1. Chroma-keying displays the overlaid image only where pixels in the
96 primary graphics surface assume a certain color.
98 2. A bitmap can be specified where each bit corresponds to a pixel in
99 the overlaid image. When the bit is set, the corresponding video
100 pixel is displayed, otherwise a pixel of the graphics surface.
102 3. A list of clipping rectangles can be specified. In these regions *no*
103 video is displayed, so the graphics surface can be seen here.
105 4. The framebuffer has an alpha channel that can be used to clip or
106 blend the framebuffer with the video.
108 5. A global alpha value can be specified to blend the framebuffer
109 contents with video images.
111 When simultaneous capturing and overlay is supported and the hardware
112 prohibits different image and frame buffer formats, the format requested
113 first takes precedence. The attempt to capture
114 (:ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`) or overlay
115 (:ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`) may fail with an ``EBUSY`` error
116 code or return accordingly modified parameters..
122 The overlaid image is determined by cropping and overlay window
123 parameters. The former select an area of the video picture to capture,
124 the latter how images are overlaid and clipped. Cropping initialization
125 at minimum requires to reset the parameters to defaults. An example is
126 given in :ref:`crop`.
128 The overlay window is described by a struct
129 :c:type:`v4l2_window`. It defines the size of the image,
130 its position over the graphics surface and the clipping to be applied.
131 To get the current parameters applications set the ``type`` field of a
132 struct :c:type:`v4l2_format` to
133 ``V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OVERLAY`` and call the
134 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl. The driver fills the
135 struct :c:type:`v4l2_window` substructure named ``win``. It is not
136 possible to retrieve a previously programmed clipping list or bitmap.
138 To program the overlay window applications set the ``type`` field of a
139 struct :c:type:`v4l2_format` to
140 ``V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OVERLAY``, initialize the ``win`` substructure and
141 call the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl. The driver
142 adjusts the parameters against hardware limits and returns the actual
143 parameters as :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` does. Like :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`, the
144 :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl can be used to learn
145 about driver capabilities without actually changing driver state. Unlike
146 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` this also works after the overlay has been enabled.
148 The scaling factor of the overlaid image is implied by the width and
149 height given in struct :c:type:`v4l2_window` and the size
150 of the cropping rectangle. For more information see :ref:`crop`.
152 When simultaneous capturing and overlay is supported and the hardware
153 prohibits different image and window sizes, the size requested first
154 takes precedence. The attempt to capture or overlay as well
155 (:ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`) may fail with an ``EBUSY`` error
156 code or return accordingly modified parameters.
159 .. c:type:: v4l2_window
164 ``struct v4l2_rect w``
165 Size and position of the window relative to the top, left corner of
166 the frame buffer defined with
167 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`. The window can extend the
168 frame buffer width and height, the ``x`` and ``y`` coordinates can
169 be negative, and it can lie completely outside the frame buffer. The
170 driver clips the window accordingly, or if that is not possible,
171 modifies its size and/or position.
173 ``enum v4l2_field field``
174 Applications set this field to determine which video field shall be
175 overlaid, typically one of ``V4L2_FIELD_ANY`` (0),
176 ``V4L2_FIELD_TOP``, ``V4L2_FIELD_BOTTOM`` or
177 ``V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED``. Drivers may have to choose a different
178 field order and return the actual setting here.
181 When chroma-keying has been negotiated with
182 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` applications set this field
183 to the desired pixel value for the chroma key. The format is the
184 same as the pixel format of the framebuffer (struct
185 :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer` ``fmt.pixelformat``
186 field), with bytes in host order. E. g. for
187 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR24 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-BGR32>` the value should
188 be 0xRRGGBB on a little endian, 0xBBGGRR on a big endian host.
190 ``struct v4l2_clip * clips``
191 When chroma-keying has *not* been negotiated and
192 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` indicated this capability,
193 applications can set this field to point to an array of clipping
196 Like the window coordinates w, clipping rectangles are defined
197 relative to the top, left corner of the frame buffer. However
198 clipping rectangles must not extend the frame buffer width and
199 height, and they must not overlap. If possible applications
200 should merge adjacent rectangles. Whether this must create
201 x-y or y-x bands, or the order of rectangles, is not defined. When
202 clip lists are not supported the driver ignores this field. Its
203 contents after calling :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`
207 When the application set the ``clips`` field, this field must
208 contain the number of clipping rectangles in the list. When clip
209 lists are not supported the driver ignores this field, its contents
210 after calling :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` are undefined. When clip lists are
211 supported but no clipping is desired this field must be set to zero.
214 When chroma-keying has *not* been negotiated and
215 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` indicated this capability,
216 applications can set this field to point to a clipping bit mask.
218 It must be of the same size as the window, ``w.width`` and ``w.height``.
219 Each bit corresponds to a pixel in the overlaid image, which is
220 displayed only when the bit is *set*. Pixel coordinates translate to
226 ((__u8 *) bitmap)[w.width * y + x / 8] & (1 << (x & 7))
228 where ``0`` ≤ x < ``w.width`` and ``0`` ≤ y <``w.height``. [#f2]_
230 When a clipping bit mask is not supported the driver ignores this field,
231 its contents after calling :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` are
232 undefined. When a bit mask is supported but no clipping is desired this
233 field must be set to ``NULL``.
235 Applications need not create a clip list or bit mask. When they pass
236 both, or despite negotiating chroma-keying, the results are undefined.
237 Regardless of the chosen method, the clipping abilities of the hardware
238 may be limited in quantity or quality. The results when these limits are
239 exceeded are undefined. [#f3]_
241 ``__u8 global_alpha``
242 The global alpha value used to blend the framebuffer with video
243 images, if global alpha blending has been negotiated
244 (``V4L2_FBUF_FLAG_GLOBAL_ALPHA``, see
245 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`,
246 :ref:`framebuffer-flags`).
250 This field was added in Linux 2.6.23, extending the
251 structure. However the :ref:`VIDIOC_[G|S|TRY]_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`
252 ioctls, which take a pointer to a :c:type:`v4l2_format`
253 parent structure with padding bytes at the end, are not affected.
256 .. c:type:: v4l2_clip
258 struct v4l2_clip [#f4]_
259 -----------------------
261 ``struct v4l2_rect c``
262 Coordinates of the clipping rectangle, relative to the top, left
263 corner of the frame buffer. Only window pixels *outside* all
264 clipping rectangles are displayed.
266 ``struct v4l2_clip * next``
267 Pointer to the next clipping rectangle, ``NULL`` when this is the last
268 rectangle. Drivers ignore this field, it cannot be used to pass a
269 linked list of clipping rectangles.
272 .. c:type:: v4l2_rect
278 Horizontal offset of the top, left corner of the rectangle, in
282 Vertical offset of the top, left corner of the rectangle, in pixels.
283 Offsets increase to the right and down.
286 Width of the rectangle, in pixels.
289 Height of the rectangle, in pixels.
295 To start or stop the frame buffer overlay applications call the
296 :ref:`VIDIOC_OVERLAY` ioctl.
299 A common application of two file descriptors is the XFree86
300 :ref:`Xv/V4L <xvideo>` interface driver and a V4L2 application.
301 While the X server controls video overlay, the application can take
302 advantage of memory mapping and DMA.
304 In the opinion of the designers of this API, no driver writer taking
305 the efforts to support simultaneous capturing and overlay will
306 restrict this ability by requiring a single file descriptor, as in
307 V4L and earlier versions of V4L2. Making this optional means
308 applications depending on two file descriptors need backup routines
309 to be compatible with all drivers, which is considerable more work
310 than using two fds in applications which do not. Also two fd's fit
311 the general concept of one file descriptor for each logical stream.
312 Hence as a complexity trade-off drivers *must* support two file
313 descriptors and *may* support single fd operation.
316 Should we require ``w.width`` to be a multiple of eight?
319 When the image is written into frame buffer memory it will be
320 undesirable if the driver clips out less pixels than expected,
321 because the application and graphics system are not aware these
322 regions need to be refreshed. The driver should clip out more pixels
323 or not write the image at all.
326 The X Window system defines "regions" which are vectors of ``struct
327 BoxRec { short x1, y1, x2, y2; }`` with ``width = x2 - x1`` and
328 ``height = y2 - y1``, so one cannot pass X11 clip lists directly.