1 .. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
2 .. document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
3 .. Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
4 .. Foundation, with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts
5 .. and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included at
6 .. Documentation/userspace-api/media/fdl-appendix.rst.
8 .. TODO: replace it to GFDL-1.1-or-later WITH no-invariant-sections
12 ********************************
13 Differences between V4L and V4L2
14 ********************************
16 The Video For Linux API was first introduced in Linux 2.1 to unify and
17 replace various TV and radio device related interfaces, developed
18 independently by driver writers in prior years. Starting with Linux 2.5
19 the much improved V4L2 API replaces the V4L API. The support for the old
20 V4L calls were removed from Kernel, but the library :ref:`libv4l`
21 supports the conversion of a V4L API system call into a V4L2 one.
24 Opening and Closing Devices
25 ===========================
27 For compatibility reasons the character device file names recommended
28 for V4L2 video capture, overlay, radio and raw vbi capture devices did
29 not change from those used by V4L. They are listed in :ref:`devices`
30 and below in :ref:`v4l-dev`.
32 The teletext devices (minor range 192-223) have been removed in V4L2 and
33 no longer exist. There is no hardware available anymore for handling
34 pure teletext. Instead raw or sliced VBI is used.
36 The V4L ``videodev`` module automatically assigns minor numbers to
37 drivers in load order, depending on the registered device type. We
38 recommend that V4L2 drivers by default register devices with the same
39 numbers, but the system administrator can assign arbitrary minor numbers
40 using driver module options. The major device number remains 81.
45 .. flat-table:: V4L Device Types, Names and Numbers
52 * - Video capture and overlay
53 - ``/dev/video`` and ``/dev/bttv0``\ [#f1]_, ``/dev/video0`` to
57 - ``/dev/radio``\ [#f2]_, ``/dev/radio0`` to ``/dev/radio63``
60 - ``/dev/vbi``, ``/dev/vbi0`` to ``/dev/vbi31``
64 V4L prohibits (or used to prohibit) multiple opens of a device file.
65 V4L2 drivers *may* support multiple opens, see :ref:`open` for details
68 V4L drivers respond to V4L2 ioctls with an ``EINVAL`` error code.
74 The V4L ``VIDIOCGCAP`` ioctl is equivalent to V4L2's
75 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCAP`.
77 The ``name`` field in struct ``video_capability`` became
78 ``card`` in struct :c:type:`v4l2_capability`, ``type``
79 was replaced by ``capabilities``. Note V4L2 does not distinguish between
80 device types like this, better think of basic video input, video output
81 and radio devices supporting a set of related functions like video
82 capturing, video overlay and VBI capturing. See :ref:`open` for an
85 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{5.5cm}|p{6.5cm}|p{5.5cm}
87 .. cssclass:: longtable
93 * - ``struct video_capability`` ``type``
94 - struct :c:type:`v4l2_capability`
95 ``capabilities`` flags
97 * - ``VID_TYPE_CAPTURE``
98 - ``V4L2_CAP_VIDEO_CAPTURE``
99 - The :ref:`video capture <capture>` interface is supported.
100 * - ``VID_TYPE_TUNER``
102 - The device has a :ref:`tuner or modulator <tuner>`.
103 * - ``VID_TYPE_TELETEXT``
104 - ``V4L2_CAP_VBI_CAPTURE``
105 - The :ref:`raw VBI capture <raw-vbi>` interface is supported.
106 * - ``VID_TYPE_OVERLAY``
107 - ``V4L2_CAP_VIDEO_OVERLAY``
108 - The :ref:`video overlay <overlay>` interface is supported.
109 * - ``VID_TYPE_CHROMAKEY``
110 - ``V4L2_FBUF_CAP_CHROMAKEY`` in field ``capability`` of struct
111 :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`
112 - Whether chromakey overlay is supported. For more information on
113 overlay see :ref:`overlay`.
114 * - ``VID_TYPE_CLIPPING``
115 - ``V4L2_FBUF_CAP_LIST_CLIPPING`` and
116 ``V4L2_FBUF_CAP_BITMAP_CLIPPING`` in field ``capability`` of
117 struct :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`
118 - Whether clipping the overlaid image is supported, see
120 * - ``VID_TYPE_FRAMERAM``
121 - ``V4L2_FBUF_CAP_EXTERNOVERLAY`` *not set* in field ``capability``
122 of struct :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`
123 - Whether overlay overwrites frame buffer memory, see
125 * - ``VID_TYPE_SCALES``
127 - This flag indicates if the hardware can scale images. The V4L2 API
128 implies the scale factor by setting the cropping dimensions and
129 image size with the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_CROP <VIDIOC_G_CROP>` and
130 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl, respectively. The
131 driver returns the closest sizes possible. For more information on
132 cropping and scaling see :ref:`crop`.
133 * - ``VID_TYPE_MONOCHROME``
135 - Applications can enumerate the supported image formats with the
136 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT` ioctl to determine if
137 the device supports grey scale capturing only. For more
138 information on image formats see :ref:`pixfmt`.
139 * - ``VID_TYPE_SUBCAPTURE``
141 - Applications can call the :ref:`VIDIOC_G_CROP <VIDIOC_G_CROP>`
142 ioctl to determine if the device supports capturing a subsection
143 of the full picture ("cropping" in V4L2). If not, the ioctl
144 returns the ``EINVAL`` error code. For more information on cropping
145 and scaling see :ref:`crop`.
146 * - ``VID_TYPE_MPEG_DECODER``
148 - Applications can enumerate the supported image formats with the
149 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT` ioctl to determine if
150 the device supports MPEG streams.
151 * - ``VID_TYPE_MPEG_ENCODER``
154 * - ``VID_TYPE_MJPEG_DECODER``
157 * - ``VID_TYPE_MJPEG_ENCODER``
162 The ``audios`` field was replaced by ``capabilities`` flag
163 ``V4L2_CAP_AUDIO``, indicating *if* the device has any audio inputs or
164 outputs. To determine their number applications can enumerate audio
165 inputs with the :ref:`VIDIOC_G_AUDIO <VIDIOC_G_AUDIO>` ioctl. The
166 audio ioctls are described in :ref:`audio`.
168 The ``maxwidth``, ``maxheight``, ``minwidth`` and ``minheight`` fields
169 were removed. Calling the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` or
170 :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl with the desired
171 dimensions returns the closest size possible, taking into account the
172 current video standard, cropping and scaling limitations.
178 V4L provides the ``VIDIOCGCHAN`` and ``VIDIOCSCHAN`` ioctl using struct
179 ``video_channel`` to enumerate the video inputs of a V4L
180 device. The equivalent V4L2 ioctls are
181 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT`,
182 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_INPUT <VIDIOC_G_INPUT>` and
183 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_INPUT <VIDIOC_G_INPUT>` using struct
184 :c:type:`v4l2_input` as discussed in :ref:`video`.
186 The ``channel`` field counting inputs was renamed to ``index``, the
187 video input types were renamed as follows:
195 * - struct ``video_channel`` ``type``
196 - struct :c:type:`v4l2_input` ``type``
197 * - ``VIDEO_TYPE_TV``
198 - ``V4L2_INPUT_TYPE_TUNER``
199 * - ``VIDEO_TYPE_CAMERA``
200 - ``V4L2_INPUT_TYPE_CAMERA``
203 Unlike the ``tuners`` field expressing the number of tuners of this
204 input, V4L2 assumes each video input is connected to at most one tuner.
205 However a tuner can have more than one input, i. e. RF connectors, and a
206 device can have multiple tuners. The index number of the tuner
207 associated with the input, if any, is stored in field ``tuner`` of
208 struct :c:type:`v4l2_input`. Enumeration of tuners is
209 discussed in :ref:`tuner`.
211 The redundant ``VIDEO_VC_TUNER`` flag was dropped. Video inputs
212 associated with a tuner are of type ``V4L2_INPUT_TYPE_TUNER``. The
213 ``VIDEO_VC_AUDIO`` flag was replaced by the ``audioset`` field. V4L2
214 considers devices with up to 32 audio inputs. Each set bit in the
215 ``audioset`` field represents one audio input this video input combines
216 with. For information about audio inputs and how to switch between them
219 The ``norm`` field describing the supported video standards was replaced
220 by ``std``. The V4L specification mentions a flag ``VIDEO_VC_NORM``
221 indicating whether the standard can be changed. This flag was a later
222 addition together with the ``norm`` field and has been removed in the
223 meantime. V4L2 has a similar, albeit more comprehensive approach to
224 video standards, see :ref:`standard` for more information.
230 The V4L ``VIDIOCGTUNER`` and ``VIDIOCSTUNER`` ioctl and struct
231 ``video_tuner`` can be used to enumerate the tuners of a
232 V4L TV or radio device. The equivalent V4L2 ioctls are
233 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_TUNER <VIDIOC_G_TUNER>` and
234 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_TUNER <VIDIOC_G_TUNER>` using struct
235 :c:type:`v4l2_tuner`. Tuners are covered in :ref:`tuner`.
237 The ``tuner`` field counting tuners was renamed to ``index``. The fields
238 ``name``, ``rangelow`` and ``rangehigh`` remained unchanged.
240 The ``VIDEO_TUNER_PAL``, ``VIDEO_TUNER_NTSC`` and ``VIDEO_TUNER_SECAM``
241 flags indicating the supported video standards were dropped. This
242 information is now contained in the associated struct
243 :c:type:`v4l2_input`. No replacement exists for the
244 ``VIDEO_TUNER_NORM`` flag indicating whether the video standard can be
245 switched. The ``mode`` field to select a different video standard was
246 replaced by a whole new set of ioctls and structures described in
247 :ref:`standard`. Due to its ubiquity it should be mentioned the BTTV
248 driver supports several standards in addition to the regular
249 ``VIDEO_MODE_PAL`` (0), ``VIDEO_MODE_NTSC``, ``VIDEO_MODE_SECAM`` and
250 ``VIDEO_MODE_AUTO`` (3). Namely N/PAL Argentina, M/PAL, N/PAL, and NTSC
251 Japan with numbers 3-6 (sic).
253 The ``VIDEO_TUNER_STEREO_ON`` flag indicating stereo reception became
254 ``V4L2_TUNER_SUB_STEREO`` in field ``rxsubchans``. This field also
255 permits the detection of monaural and bilingual audio, see the
256 definition of struct :c:type:`v4l2_tuner` for details.
257 Presently no replacement exists for the ``VIDEO_TUNER_RDS_ON`` and
258 ``VIDEO_TUNER_MBS_ON`` flags.
260 The ``VIDEO_TUNER_LOW`` flag was renamed to ``V4L2_TUNER_CAP_LOW`` in
261 the struct :c:type:`v4l2_tuner` ``capability`` field.
263 The ``VIDIOCGFREQ`` and ``VIDIOCSFREQ`` ioctl to change the tuner
264 frequency where renamed to
265 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FREQUENCY <VIDIOC_G_FREQUENCY>` and
266 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FREQUENCY <VIDIOC_G_FREQUENCY>`. They take a pointer
267 to a struct :c:type:`v4l2_frequency` instead of an
268 unsigned long integer.
271 .. _v4l-image-properties:
276 V4L2 has no equivalent of the ``VIDIOCGPICT`` and ``VIDIOCSPICT`` ioctl
277 and struct ``video_picture``. The following fields where
278 replaced by V4L2 controls accessible with the
279 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL`,
280 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_CTRL <VIDIOC_G_CTRL>` and
281 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_CTRL <VIDIOC_G_CTRL>` ioctls:
289 * - struct ``video_picture``
292 - ``V4L2_CID_BRIGHTNESS``
296 - ``V4L2_CID_SATURATION``
298 - ``V4L2_CID_CONTRAST``
300 - ``V4L2_CID_WHITENESS``
303 The V4L picture controls are assumed to range from 0 to 65535 with no
304 particular reset value. The V4L2 API permits arbitrary limits and
305 defaults which can be queried with the
306 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL` ioctl. For general
307 information about controls see :ref:`control`.
309 The ``depth`` (average number of bits per pixel) of a video image is
310 implied by the selected image format. V4L2 does not explicitly provide
311 such information assuming applications recognizing the format are aware
312 of the image depth and others need not know. The ``palette`` field moved
313 into the struct :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format`:
321 * - struct ``video_picture`` ``palette``
322 - struct :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format` ``pixfmt``
323 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_GREY``
324 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY <V4L2-PIX-FMT-GREY>`
325 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_HI240``
326 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_HI240 <pixfmt-reserved>` [#f3]_
327 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB565``
328 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_RGB565 <pixfmt-rgb>`
329 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB555``
330 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_RGB555 <pixfmt-rgb>`
331 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB24``
332 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR24 <pixfmt-rgb>`
333 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB32``
334 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR32 <pixfmt-rgb>` [#f4]_
335 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422``
336 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUYV>`
337 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUYV``\ [#f5]_
338 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUYV>`
339 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_UYVY``
340 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_UYVY <V4L2-PIX-FMT-UYVY>`
341 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV420``
343 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV411``
344 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y41P <V4L2-PIX-FMT-Y41P>` [#f6]_
345 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RAW``
347 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422P``
348 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV422P <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUV422P>`
349 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV411P``
350 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV411P <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUV411P>` [#f8]_
351 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV420P``
352 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YVU420>`
353 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV410P``
354 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU410 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YVU410>`
357 V4L2 image formats are defined in :ref:`pixfmt`. The image format can
358 be selected with the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl.
364 The ``VIDIOCGAUDIO`` and ``VIDIOCSAUDIO`` ioctl and struct
365 ``video_audio`` are used to enumerate the audio inputs
366 of a V4L device. The equivalent V4L2 ioctls are
367 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_AUDIO <VIDIOC_G_AUDIO>` and
368 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_AUDIO <VIDIOC_G_AUDIO>` using struct
369 :c:type:`v4l2_audio` as discussed in :ref:`audio`.
371 The ``audio`` "channel number" field counting audio inputs was renamed
374 On ``VIDIOCSAUDIO`` the ``mode`` field selects *one* of the
375 ``VIDEO_SOUND_MONO``, ``VIDEO_SOUND_STEREO``, ``VIDEO_SOUND_LANG1`` or
376 ``VIDEO_SOUND_LANG2`` audio demodulation modes. When the current audio
377 standard is BTSC ``VIDEO_SOUND_LANG2`` refers to SAP and
378 ``VIDEO_SOUND_LANG1`` is meaningless. Also undocumented in the V4L
379 specification, there is no way to query the selected mode. On
380 ``VIDIOCGAUDIO`` the driver returns the *actually received* audio
381 programmes in this field. In the V4L2 API this information is stored in
382 the struct :c:type:`v4l2_tuner` ``rxsubchans`` and
383 ``audmode`` fields, respectively. See :ref:`tuner` for more
384 information on tuners. Related to audio modes struct
385 :c:type:`v4l2_audio` also reports if this is a mono or
386 stereo input, regardless if the source is a tuner.
388 The following fields where replaced by V4L2 controls accessible with the
389 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL`,
390 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_CTRL <VIDIOC_G_CTRL>` and
391 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_CTRL <VIDIOC_G_CTRL>` ioctls:
399 * - struct ``video_audio``
402 - ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_VOLUME``
404 - ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_BASS``
406 - ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_TREBLE``
408 - ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_BALANCE``
411 To determine which of these controls are supported by a driver V4L
412 provides the ``flags`` ``VIDEO_AUDIO_VOLUME``, ``VIDEO_AUDIO_BASS``,
413 ``VIDEO_AUDIO_TREBLE`` and ``VIDEO_AUDIO_BALANCE``. In the V4L2 API the
414 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL` ioctl reports if the
415 respective control is supported. Accordingly the ``VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTABLE``
416 and ``VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTE`` flags where replaced by the boolean
417 ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_MUTE`` control.
419 All V4L2 controls have a ``step`` attribute replacing the struct
420 ``video_audio`` ``step`` field. The V4L audio controls
421 are assumed to range from 0 to 65535 with no particular reset value. The
422 V4L2 API permits arbitrary limits and defaults which can be queried with
423 the :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL` ioctl. For general
424 information about controls see :ref:`control`.
430 The V4L2 ioctls equivalent to ``VIDIOCGFBUF`` and ``VIDIOCSFBUF`` are
431 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` and
432 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`. The ``base`` field of struct
433 ``video_buffer`` remained unchanged, except V4L2 defines
434 a flag to indicate non-destructive overlays instead of a ``NULL``
435 pointer. All other fields moved into the struct
436 :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format` ``fmt`` substructure of
437 struct :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`. The ``depth``
438 field was replaced by ``pixelformat``. See :ref:`pixfmt-rgb` for a
439 list of RGB formats and their respective color depths.
441 Instead of the special ioctls ``VIDIOCGWIN`` and ``VIDIOCSWIN`` V4L2
442 uses the general-purpose data format negotiation ioctls
443 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` and
444 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`. They take a pointer to a struct
445 :c:type:`v4l2_format` as argument. Here the ``win`` member
446 of the ``fmt`` union is used, a struct
447 :c:type:`v4l2_window`.
449 The ``x``, ``y``, ``width`` and ``height`` fields of struct
450 ``video_window`` moved into struct
451 :c:type:`v4l2_rect` substructure ``w`` of struct
452 :c:type:`v4l2_window`. The ``chromakey``, ``clips``, and
453 ``clipcount`` fields remained unchanged. Struct
454 ``video_clip`` was renamed to struct
455 :c:type:`v4l2_clip`, also containing a struct
456 :c:type:`v4l2_rect`, but the semantics are still the same.
458 The ``VIDEO_WINDOW_INTERLACE`` flag was dropped. Instead applications
459 must set the ``field`` field to ``V4L2_FIELD_ANY`` or
460 ``V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED``. The ``VIDEO_WINDOW_CHROMAKEY`` flag moved
461 into struct :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`, under the new
462 name ``V4L2_FBUF_FLAG_CHROMAKEY``.
464 In V4L, storing a bitmap pointer in ``clips`` and setting ``clipcount``
465 to ``VIDEO_CLIP_BITMAP`` (-1) requests bitmap clipping, using a fixed
466 size bitmap of 1024 × 625 bits. Struct :c:type:`v4l2_window`
467 has a separate ``bitmap`` pointer field for this purpose and the bitmap
468 size is determined by ``w.width`` and ``w.height``.
470 The ``VIDIOCCAPTURE`` ioctl to enable or disable overlay was renamed to
471 :ref:`VIDIOC_OVERLAY`.
477 To capture only a subsection of the full picture V4L defines the
478 ``VIDIOCGCAPTURE`` and ``VIDIOCSCAPTURE`` ioctls using struct
479 ``video_capture``. The equivalent V4L2 ioctls are
480 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_CROP <VIDIOC_G_CROP>` and
481 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_CROP <VIDIOC_G_CROP>` using struct
482 :c:type:`v4l2_crop`, and the related
483 :ref:`VIDIOC_CROPCAP` ioctl. This is a rather
484 complex matter, see :ref:`crop` for details.
486 The ``x``, ``y``, ``width`` and ``height`` fields moved into struct
487 :c:type:`v4l2_rect` substructure ``c`` of struct
488 :c:type:`v4l2_crop`. The ``decimation`` field was dropped. In
489 the V4L2 API the scaling factor is implied by the size of the cropping
490 rectangle and the size of the captured or overlaid image.
492 The ``VIDEO_CAPTURE_ODD`` and ``VIDEO_CAPTURE_EVEN`` flags to capture
493 only the odd or even field, respectively, were replaced by
494 ``V4L2_FIELD_TOP`` and ``V4L2_FIELD_BOTTOM`` in the field named
495 ``field`` of struct :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format` and
496 struct :c:type:`v4l2_window`. These structures are used to
497 select a capture or overlay format with the
498 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl.
501 Reading Images, Memory Mapping
502 ==============================
505 Capturing using the read method
506 -------------------------------
508 There is no essential difference between reading images from a V4L or
509 V4L2 device using the :ref:`read() <func-read>` function, however V4L2
510 drivers are not required to support this I/O method. Applications can
511 determine if the function is available with the
512 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCAP` ioctl. All V4L2 devices
513 exchanging data with applications must support the
514 :ref:`select() <func-select>` and :ref:`poll() <func-poll>`
517 To select an image format and size, V4L provides the ``VIDIOCSPICT`` and
518 ``VIDIOCSWIN`` ioctls. V4L2 uses the general-purpose data format
519 negotiation ioctls :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` and
520 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`. They take a pointer to a struct
521 :c:type:`v4l2_format` as argument, here the struct
522 :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format` named ``pix`` of its
523 ``fmt`` union is used.
525 For more information about the V4L2 read interface see :ref:`rw`.
528 Capturing using memory mapping
529 ------------------------------
531 Applications can read from V4L devices by mapping buffers in device
532 memory, or more often just buffers allocated in DMA-able system memory,
533 into their address space. This avoids the data copying overhead of the
534 read method. V4L2 supports memory mapping as well, with a few
546 - The image format must be selected before buffers are allocated,
547 with the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl. When no
548 format is selected the driver may use the last, possibly by
549 another application requested format.
550 * - Applications cannot change the number of buffers. The it is built
551 into the driver, unless it has a module option to change the
552 number when the driver module is loaded.
553 - The :ref:`VIDIOC_REQBUFS` ioctl allocates the
554 desired number of buffers, this is a required step in the
555 initialization sequence.
556 * - Drivers map all buffers as one contiguous range of memory. The
557 ``VIDIOCGMBUF`` ioctl is available to query the number of buffers,
558 the offset of each buffer from the start of the virtual file, and
559 the overall amount of memory used, which can be used as arguments
560 for the :ref:`mmap() <func-mmap>` function.
561 - Buffers are individually mapped. The offset and size of each
562 buffer can be determined with the
563 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYBUF` ioctl.
564 * - The ``VIDIOCMCAPTURE`` ioctl prepares a buffer for capturing. It
565 also determines the image format for this buffer. The ioctl
566 returns immediately, eventually with an ``EAGAIN`` error code if no
567 video signal had been detected. When the driver supports more than
568 one buffer applications can call the ioctl multiple times and thus
569 have multiple outstanding capture requests.
571 The ``VIDIOCSYNC`` ioctl suspends execution until a particular
572 buffer has been filled.
573 - Drivers maintain an incoming and outgoing queue.
574 :ref:`VIDIOC_QBUF` enqueues any empty buffer into
575 the incoming queue. Filled buffers are dequeued from the outgoing
576 queue with the :ref:`VIDIOC_DQBUF <VIDIOC_QBUF>` ioctl. To wait
577 until filled buffers become available this function,
578 :ref:`select() <func-select>` or :ref:`poll() <func-poll>` can
579 be used. The :ref:`VIDIOC_STREAMON` ioctl
580 must be called once after enqueuing one or more buffers to start
581 capturing. Its counterpart
582 :ref:`VIDIOC_STREAMOFF <VIDIOC_STREAMON>` stops capturing and
583 dequeues all buffers from both queues. Applications can query the
584 signal status, if known, with the
585 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT` ioctl.
588 For a more in-depth discussion of memory mapping and examples, see
595 Originally the V4L API did not specify a raw VBI capture interface, only
596 the device file ``/dev/vbi`` was reserved for this purpose. The only
597 driver supporting this interface was the BTTV driver, de-facto defining
598 the V4L VBI interface. Reading from the device yields a raw VBI image
599 with the following parameters:
607 * - struct :c:type:`v4l2_vbi_format`
610 - 28636363 Hz NTSC (or any other 525-line standard); 35468950 Hz PAL
611 and SECAM (625-line standards)
617 - V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY. The last four bytes (a machine endianness
618 integer) contain a frame counter.
620 - 10, 273 NTSC; 22, 335 PAL and SECAM
627 Undocumented in the V4L specification, in Linux 2.3 the
628 ``VIDIOCGVBIFMT`` and ``VIDIOCSVBIFMT`` ioctls using struct
629 ``vbi_format`` were added to determine the VBI image
630 parameters. These ioctls are only partially compatible with the V4L2 VBI
631 interface specified in :ref:`raw-vbi`.
633 An ``offset`` field does not exist, ``sample_format`` is supposed to be
634 ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RAW``, equivalent to ``V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY``. The
635 remaining fields are probably equivalent to struct
636 :c:type:`v4l2_vbi_format`.
638 Apparently only the Zoran (ZR 36120) driver implements these ioctls. The
639 semantics differ from those specified for V4L2 in two ways. The
640 parameters are reset on :ref:`open() <func-open>` and
641 ``VIDIOCSVBIFMT`` always returns an ``EINVAL`` error code if the parameters
648 V4L2 has no equivalent of the ``VIDIOCGUNIT`` ioctl. Applications can
649 find the VBI device associated with a video capture device (or vice
650 versa) by reopening the device and requesting VBI data. For details see
653 No replacement exists for ``VIDIOCKEY``, and the V4L functions for
654 microcode programming. A new interface for MPEG compression and playback
655 devices is documented in :ref:`extended-controls`.
658 According to Documentation/admin-guide/devices.rst these should be symbolic links
659 to ``/dev/video0``. Note the original bttv interface is not
660 compatible with V4L or V4L2.
663 According to ``Documentation/admin-guide/devices.rst`` a symbolic link to
667 This is a custom format used by the BTTV driver, not one of the V4L2
671 Presumably all V4L RGB formats are little-endian, although some
672 drivers might interpret them according to machine endianness. V4L2
673 defines little-endian, big-endian and red/blue swapped variants. For
674 details see :ref:`pixfmt-rgb`.
677 ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422`` and ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUYV`` are the same
678 formats. Some V4L drivers respond to one, some to the other.
681 Not to be confused with ``V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV411P``, which is a planar
685 V4L explains this as: "RAW capture (BT848)"
688 Not to be confused with ``V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y41P``, which is a packed
692 Old driver versions used different values, eventually the custom
693 ``BTTV_VBISIZE`` ioctl was added to query the correct values.