1 Last reviewed: 10/05/2007
4 The Linux Watchdog driver API.
6 Copyright 2002 Christer Weingel <wingel@nano-system.com>
8 Some parts of this document are copied verbatim from the sbc60xxwdt
9 driver which is (c) Copyright 2000 Jakob Oestergaard <jakob@ostenfeld.dk>
11 This document describes the state of the Linux 2.4.18 kernel.
15 A Watchdog Timer (WDT) is a hardware circuit that can reset the
16 computer system in case of a software fault. You probably knew that
19 Usually a userspace daemon will notify the kernel watchdog driver via the
20 /dev/watchdog special device file that userspace is still alive, at
21 regular intervals. When such a notification occurs, the driver will
22 usually tell the hardware watchdog that everything is in order, and
23 that the watchdog should wait for yet another little while to reset
24 the system. If userspace fails (RAM error, kernel bug, whatever), the
25 notifications cease to occur, and the hardware watchdog will reset the
26 system (causing a reboot) after the timeout occurs.
28 The Linux watchdog API is a rather ad-hoc construction and different
29 drivers implement different, and sometimes incompatible, parts of it.
30 This file is an attempt to document the existing usage and allow
31 future driver writers to use it as a reference.
35 All drivers support the basic mode of operation, where the watchdog
36 activates as soon as /dev/watchdog is opened and will reboot unless
37 the watchdog is pinged within a certain time, this time is called the
38 timeout or margin. The simplest way to ping the watchdog is to write
39 some data to the device. So a very simple watchdog daemon would look
40 like this source file: see samples/watchdog/watchdog-simple.c
42 A more advanced driver could for example check that a HTTP server is
43 still responding before doing the write call to ping the watchdog.
45 When the device is closed, the watchdog is disabled, unless the "Magic
46 Close" feature is supported (see below). This is not always such a
47 good idea, since if there is a bug in the watchdog daemon and it
48 crashes the system will not reboot. Because of this, some of the
49 drivers support the configuration option "Disable watchdog shutdown on
50 close", CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT. If it is set to Y when compiling
51 the kernel, there is no way of disabling the watchdog once it has been
52 started. So, if the watchdog daemon crashes, the system will reboot
53 after the timeout has passed. Watchdog devices also usually support
54 the nowayout module parameter so that this option can be controlled at
59 If a driver supports "Magic Close", the driver will not disable the
60 watchdog unless a specific magic character 'V' has been sent to
61 /dev/watchdog just before closing the file. If the userspace daemon
62 closes the file without sending this special character, the driver
63 will assume that the daemon (and userspace in general) died, and will
64 stop pinging the watchdog without disabling it first. This will then
65 cause a reboot if the watchdog is not re-opened in sufficient time.
69 All conforming drivers also support an ioctl API.
71 Pinging the watchdog using an ioctl:
73 All drivers that have an ioctl interface support at least one ioctl,
74 KEEPALIVE. This ioctl does exactly the same thing as a write to the
75 watchdog device, so the main loop in the above program could be
79 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_KEEPALIVE, 0);
83 the argument to the ioctl is ignored.
85 Setting and getting the timeout:
87 For some drivers it is possible to modify the watchdog timeout on the
88 fly with the SETTIMEOUT ioctl, those drivers have the WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT
89 flag set in their option field. The argument is an integer
90 representing the timeout in seconds. The driver returns the real
91 timeout used in the same variable, and this timeout might differ from
92 the requested one due to limitation of the hardware.
95 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETTIMEOUT, &timeout);
96 printf("The timeout was set to %d seconds\n", timeout);
98 This example might actually print "The timeout was set to 60 seconds"
99 if the device has a granularity of minutes for its timeout.
101 Starting with the Linux 2.4.18 kernel, it is possible to query the
102 current timeout using the GETTIMEOUT ioctl.
104 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTIMEOUT, &timeout);
105 printf("The timeout was is %d seconds\n", timeout);
109 Some watchdog timers can be set to have a trigger go off before the
110 actual time they will reset the system. This can be done with an NMI,
111 interrupt, or other mechanism. This allows Linux to record useful
112 information (like panic information and kernel coredumps) before it
116 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETPRETIMEOUT, &pretimeout);
118 Note that the pretimeout is the number of seconds before the time
119 when the timeout will go off. It is not the number of seconds until
120 the pretimeout. So, for instance, if you set the timeout to 60 seconds
121 and the pretimeout to 10 seconds, the pretimeout will go off in 50
122 seconds. Setting a pretimeout to zero disables it.
124 There is also a get function for getting the pretimeout:
126 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETPRETIMEOUT, &timeout);
127 printf("The pretimeout was is %d seconds\n", timeout);
129 Not all watchdog drivers will support a pretimeout.
131 Get the number of seconds before reboot:
133 Some watchdog drivers have the ability to report the remaining time
134 before the system will reboot. The WDIOC_GETTIMELEFT is the ioctl
135 that returns the number of seconds before reboot.
137 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTIMELEFT, &timeleft);
138 printf("The timeout was is %d seconds\n", timeleft);
140 Environmental monitoring:
142 All watchdog drivers are required return more information about the system,
143 some do temperature, fan and power level monitoring, some can tell you
144 the reason for the last reboot of the system. The GETSUPPORT ioctl is
145 available to ask what the device can do:
147 struct watchdog_info ident;
148 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETSUPPORT, &ident);
150 the fields returned in the ident struct are:
152 identity a string identifying the watchdog driver
153 firmware_version the firmware version of the card if available
154 options a flags describing what the device supports
156 the options field can have the following bits set, and describes what
157 kind of information that the GET_STATUS and GET_BOOT_STATUS ioctls can
158 return. [FIXME -- Is this correct?]
160 WDIOF_OVERHEAT Reset due to CPU overheat
162 The machine was last rebooted by the watchdog because the thermal limit was
165 WDIOF_FANFAULT Fan failed
167 A system fan monitored by the watchdog card has failed
169 WDIOF_EXTERN1 External relay 1
171 External monitoring relay/source 1 was triggered. Controllers intended for
172 real world applications include external monitoring pins that will trigger
175 WDIOF_EXTERN2 External relay 2
177 External monitoring relay/source 2 was triggered
179 WDIOF_POWERUNDER Power bad/power fault
181 The machine is showing an undervoltage status
183 WDIOF_CARDRESET Card previously reset the CPU
185 The last reboot was caused by the watchdog card
187 WDIOF_POWEROVER Power over voltage
189 The machine is showing an overvoltage status. Note that if one level is
190 under and one over both bits will be set - this may seem odd but makes
193 WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING Keep alive ping reply
195 The watchdog saw a keepalive ping since it was last queried.
197 WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT Can set/get the timeout
199 The watchdog can do pretimeouts.
201 WDIOF_PRETIMEOUT Pretimeout (in seconds), get/set
204 For those drivers that return any bits set in the option field, the
205 GETSTATUS and GETBOOTSTATUS ioctls can be used to ask for the current
206 status, and the status at the last reboot, respectively.
209 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETSTATUS, &flags);
213 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETBOOTSTATUS, &flags);
215 Note that not all devices support these two calls, and some only
216 support the GETBOOTSTATUS call.
218 Some drivers can measure the temperature using the GETTEMP ioctl. The
219 returned value is the temperature in degrees fahrenheit.
222 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTEMP, &temperature);
224 Finally the SETOPTIONS ioctl can be used to control some aspects of
228 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETOPTIONS, &options);
230 The following options are available:
232 WDIOS_DISABLECARD Turn off the watchdog timer
233 WDIOS_ENABLECARD Turn on the watchdog timer
234 WDIOS_TEMPPANIC Kernel panic on temperature trip
236 [FIXME -- better explanations]