1 ===========================================
2 Fault injection capabilities infrastructure
3 ===========================================
5 See also drivers/md/md-faulty.c and "every_nth" module option for scsi_debug.
8 Available fault injection capabilities
9 --------------------------------------
13 injects slab allocation failures. (kmalloc(), kmem_cache_alloc(), ...)
17 injects page allocation failures. (alloc_pages(), get_free_pages(), ...)
21 injects futex deadlock and uaddr fault errors.
25 injects disk IO errors on devices permitted by setting
26 /sys/block/<device>/make-it-fail or
27 /sys/block/<device>/<partition>/make-it-fail. (generic_make_request())
31 injects MMC data errors on devices permitted by setting
32 debugfs entries under /sys/kernel/debug/mmc0/fail_mmc_request
36 injects error return on specific functions, which are marked by
37 ALLOW_ERROR_INJECTION() macro, by setting debugfs entries
38 under /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function. No boot option supported.
40 - NVMe fault injection
42 inject NVMe status code and retry flag on devices permitted by setting
43 debugfs entries under /sys/kernel/debug/nvme*/fault_inject. The default
44 status code is NVME_SC_INVALID_OPCODE with no retry. The status code and
45 retry flag can be set via the debugfs.
48 Configure fault-injection capabilities behavior
49 -----------------------------------------------
54 fault-inject-debugfs kernel module provides some debugfs entries for runtime
55 configuration of fault-injection capabilities.
57 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/probability:
59 likelihood of failure injection, in percent.
63 Note that one-failure-per-hundred is a very high error rate
64 for some testcases. Consider setting probability=100 and configure
65 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval for such testcases.
67 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval:
69 specifies the interval between failures, for calls to
70 should_fail() that pass all the other tests.
72 Note that if you enable this, by setting interval>1, you will
73 probably want to set probability=100.
75 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/times:
77 specifies how many times failures may happen at most.
78 A value of -1 means "no limit".
80 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/space:
82 specifies an initial resource "budget", decremented by "size"
83 on each call to should_fail(,size). Failure injection is
84 suppressed until "space" reaches zero.
86 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/verbose
90 specifies the verbosity of the messages when failure is
91 injected. '0' means no messages; '1' will print only a single
92 log line per failure; '2' will print a call trace too -- useful
93 to debug the problems revealed by fault injection.
95 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/task-filter:
99 A value of 'N' disables filtering by process (default).
100 Any positive value limits failures to only processes indicated by
101 /proc/<pid>/make-it-fail==1.
103 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-start,
104 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-end,
105 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-start,
106 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-end:
108 specifies the range of virtual addresses tested during
109 stacktrace walking. Failure is injected only if some caller
110 in the walked stacktrace lies within the required range, and
111 none lies within the rejected range.
112 Default required range is [0,ULONG_MAX) (whole of virtual address space).
113 Default rejected range is [0,0).
115 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/stacktrace-depth:
117 specifies the maximum stacktrace depth walked during search
118 for a caller within [require-start,require-end) OR
119 [reject-start,reject-end).
121 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-highmem:
123 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
125 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' won't inject failures into
126 highmem/user allocations.
128 - /sys/kernel/debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait:
129 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-wait:
131 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
133 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will inject failures
134 only into non-sleep allocations (GFP_ATOMIC allocations).
136 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/min-order:
138 specifies the minimum page allocation order to be injected
141 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_futex/ignore-private:
143 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
145 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will disable failure injections
146 when dealing with private (address space) futexes.
148 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/inject:
150 Format: { 'function-name' | '!function-name' | '' }
152 specifies the target function of error injection by name.
153 If the function name leads '!' prefix, given function is
154 removed from injection list. If nothing specified ('')
155 injection list is cleared.
157 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/injectable:
159 (read only) shows error injectable functions and what type of
160 error values can be specified. The error type will be one of
162 - NULL: retval must be 0.
163 - ERRNO: retval must be -1 to -MAX_ERRNO (-4096).
164 - ERR_NULL: retval must be 0 or -1 to -MAX_ERRNO (-4096).
166 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/<functiuon-name>/retval:
168 specifies the "error" return value to inject to the given
169 function for given function. This will be created when
170 user specifies new injection entry.
175 In order to inject faults while debugfs is not available (early boot time),
176 use the boot option::
182 mmc_core.fail_request=<interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
187 - /proc/<pid>/fail-nth,
188 /proc/self/task/<tid>/fail-nth:
190 Write to this file of integer N makes N-th call in the task fail.
191 Read from this file returns a integer value. A value of '0' indicates
192 that the fault setup with a previous write to this file was injected.
193 A positive integer N indicates that the fault wasn't yet injected.
194 Note that this file enables all types of faults (slab, futex, etc).
195 This setting takes precedence over all other generic debugfs settings
196 like probability, interval, times, etc. But per-capability settings
197 (e.g. fail_futex/ignore-private) take precedence over it.
199 This feature is intended for systematic testing of faults in a single
200 system call. See an example below.
202 How to add new fault injection capability
203 -----------------------------------------
205 - #include <linux/fault-inject.h>
207 - define the fault attributes
209 DECLARE_FAULT_ATTR(name);
211 Please see the definition of struct fault_attr in fault-inject.h
214 - provide a way to configure fault attributes
218 If you need to enable the fault injection capability from boot time, you can
219 provide boot option to configure it. There is a helper function for it:
221 setup_fault_attr(attr, str);
225 failslab, fail_page_alloc, and fail_make_request use this way.
228 fault_create_debugfs_attr(name, parent, attr);
232 If the scope of the fault injection capability is limited to a
233 single kernel module, it is better to provide module parameters to
234 configure the fault attributes.
236 - add a hook to insert failures
238 Upon should_fail() returning true, client code should inject a failure:
240 should_fail(attr, size);
245 - Inject slab allocation failures into module init/exit code::
250 echo Y > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
251 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
252 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
253 echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
254 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
255 echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
256 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait
260 bash -c "echo 1 > /proc/self/make-it-fail && exec $*"
265 echo "Usage: $0 modulename [ modulename ... ]"
272 faulty_system modprobe $m
275 faulty_system modprobe -r $m
278 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
280 - Inject page allocation failures only for a specific module::
284 FAILTYPE=fail_page_alloc
289 echo "Usage: $0 <modulename>"
295 if [ ! -d /sys/module/$module/sections ]
297 echo Module $module is not loaded
301 cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.text > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-start
302 cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.data > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-end
304 echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
305 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
306 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
307 echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
308 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
309 echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
310 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait
311 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-highmem
312 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/stacktrace-depth
314 trap "echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability" SIGINT SIGTERM EXIT
316 echo "Injecting errors into the module $module... (interrupt to stop)"
319 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
321 - Inject open_ctree error while btrfs mount::
326 dd if=/dev/zero of=testfile.img bs=1M seek=1000 count=1
327 DEVICE=$(losetup --show -f testfile.img)
328 mkfs.btrfs -f $DEVICE
331 FAILTYPE=fail_function
333 echo $FAILFUNC > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/inject
334 echo -12 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/$FAILFUNC/retval
335 echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
336 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
337 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
338 echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
339 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
340 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
342 mount -t btrfs $DEVICE tmpmnt
351 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/inject
358 Tool to run command with failslab or fail_page_alloc
359 ----------------------------------------------------
360 In order to make it easier to accomplish the tasks mentioned above, we can use
361 tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh. Please run a command
362 "./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --help" for more information and
363 see the following examples.
367 Run a command "make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests" with injecting slab
370 # ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh \
371 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
373 Same as above except to specify 100 times failures at most instead of one time
376 # ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --times=100 \
377 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
379 Same as above except to inject page allocation failure instead of slab
382 # env FAILCMD_TYPE=fail_page_alloc \
383 ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --times=100 \
384 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
386 Systematic faults using fail-nth
387 ---------------------------------
389 The following code systematically faults 0-th, 1-st, 2-nd and so on
390 capabilities in the socketpair() system call::
392 #include <sys/types.h>
393 #include <sys/stat.h>
394 #include <sys/socket.h>
395 #include <sys/syscall.h>
405 int i, err, res, fail_nth, fds[2];
408 system("echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait");
409 sprintf(buf, "/proc/self/task/%ld/fail-nth", syscall(SYS_gettid));
410 fail_nth = open(buf, O_RDWR);
412 sprintf(buf, "%d", i);
413 write(fail_nth, buf, strlen(buf));
414 res = socketpair(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0, fds);
416 pread(fail_nth, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
421 printf("%d-th fault %c: res=%d/%d\n", i, atoi(buf) ? 'N' : 'Y',
431 1-th fault Y: res=-1/23
432 2-th fault Y: res=-1/23
433 3-th fault Y: res=-1/12
434 4-th fault Y: res=-1/12
435 5-th fault Y: res=-1/23
436 6-th fault Y: res=-1/23
437 7-th fault Y: res=-1/23
438 8-th fault Y: res=-1/12
439 9-th fault Y: res=-1/12
440 10-th fault Y: res=-1/12
441 11-th fault Y: res=-1/12
442 12-th fault Y: res=-1/12
443 13-th fault Y: res=-1/12
444 14-th fault Y: res=-1/12
445 15-th fault Y: res=-1/12
446 16-th fault N: res=0/12