1 ==========================================
2 Using the RAM disk block device with Linux
3 ==========================================
8 2) Kernel Command Line Parameters
10 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
16 The RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It
17 is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules
18 in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst). It can
19 also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents
22 The RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using
23 RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty
24 so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.
26 The RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured
27 to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change
28 the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu
29 and (re)build the kernel.
31 To use RAM disk support with your system, run './MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev
32 directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0
33 for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd.
35 The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images,
36 allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or
41 ---------------------------------
43 2a) Kernel Command Line Parameters
48 This parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The
49 default is 4096 (4 MB).
54 /dev/ramX devices created.
57 Maximum partition number.
65 The usage of the word (two bytes) that "rdev -r" sets in the kernel image is
66 as follows. The low 11 bits (0 -> 10) specify an offset (in 1 k blocks) of up
67 to 2 MB (2^11) of where to find the RAM disk (this used to be the size). Bit
68 14 indicates that a RAM disk is to be loaded, and bit 15 indicates whether a
69 prompt/wait sequence is to be given before trying to read the RAM disk. Since
70 the RAM disk dynamically grows as data is being written into it, a size field
71 is not required. Bits 11 to 13 are not currently used and may as well be zero.
72 These numbers are no magical secrets, as seen below::
74 ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
75 ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
76 ./arch/x86/kernel/setup.c:#define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
78 Consider a typical two floppy disk setup, where you will have the
79 kernel on disk one, and have already put a RAM disk image onto disk #2.
81 Hence you want to set bits 0 to 13 as 0, meaning that your RAM disk
82 starts at an offset of 0 kB from the beginning of the floppy.
83 The command line equivalent is: "ramdisk_start=0"
85 You want bit 14 as one, indicating that a RAM disk is to be loaded.
86 The command line equivalent is: "load_ramdisk=1"
88 You want bit 15 as one, indicating that you want a prompt/keypress
89 sequence so that you have a chance to switch floppy disks.
90 The command line equivalent is: "prompt_ramdisk=1"
92 Putting that together gives 2^15 + 2^14 + 0 = 49152 for an rdev word.
93 So to create disk one of the set, you would do::
95 /usr/src/linux# cat arch/x86/boot/zImage > /dev/fd0
96 /usr/src/linux# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
97 /usr/src/linux# rdev -r /dev/fd0 49152
99 If you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use::
101 append = "ramdisk_start=0 load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=1"
103 Since the default start = 0 and the default prompt = 1, you could use::
105 append = "load_ramdisk=1"
108 4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk
109 -----------------------------------------------
111 To create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to
112 construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an
113 unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this
114 example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0".
116 Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB
117 of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this
118 restriction does not apply.
120 a) Decide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example.
121 Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently
122 required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the
123 area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for
124 the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create::
126 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048
128 b) Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example::
130 mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048
132 c) Mount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...)
133 and unmount it again.
135 d) Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression
136 will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused
137 space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing::
139 dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz
141 e) Put the kernel onto the floppy::
143 dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
145 f) Put the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset
146 that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another
147 (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping
148 the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in
149 size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is
150 not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB)::
152 dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400
154 g) Use "rdev" to set the boot device, RAM disk offset, prompt flag, etc.
155 For prompt_ramdisk=1, load_ramdisk=1, ramdisk_start=400, one would
156 have 2^15 + 2^14 + 400 = 49552::
158 rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
159 rdev -r /dev/fd0 49552
161 That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some
162 users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.
171 Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove
172 obsolete references, general cleanup.
173 James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com)