9 The following documentation is relevant to 2.4.18-rmk6 and beyond.
11 In order to boot ARM Linux, you require a boot loader, which is a small
12 program that runs before the main kernel. The boot loader is expected
13 to initialise various devices, and eventually call the Linux kernel,
14 passing information to the kernel.
16 Essentially, the boot loader should provide (as a minimum) the
19 1. Setup and initialise the RAM.
20 2. Initialise one serial port.
21 3. Detect the machine type.
22 4. Setup the kernel tagged list.
24 6. Call the kernel image.
27 1. Setup and initialise RAM
28 ---------------------------
30 Existing boot loaders:
35 The boot loader is expected to find and initialise all RAM that the
36 kernel will use for volatile data storage in the system. It performs
37 this in a machine dependent manner. (It may use internal algorithms
38 to automatically locate and size all RAM, or it may use knowledge of
39 the RAM in the machine, or any other method the boot loader designer
43 2. Initialise one serial port
44 -----------------------------
46 Existing boot loaders:
51 The boot loader should initialise and enable one serial port on the
52 target. This allows the kernel serial driver to automatically detect
53 which serial port it should use for the kernel console (generally
54 used for debugging purposes, or communication with the target.)
56 As an alternative, the boot loader can pass the relevant 'console='
57 option to the kernel via the tagged lists specifying the port, and
58 serial format options as described in
60 Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst.
63 3. Detect the machine type
64 --------------------------
66 Existing boot loaders:
69 MANDATORY except for DT-only platforms
71 The boot loader should detect the machine type its running on by some
72 method. Whether this is a hard coded value or some algorithm that
73 looks at the connected hardware is beyond the scope of this document.
74 The boot loader must ultimately be able to provide a MACH_TYPE_xxx
75 value to the kernel. (see linux/arch/arm/tools/mach-types). This
76 should be passed to the kernel in register r1.
78 For DT-only platforms, the machine type will be determined by device
79 tree. set the machine type to all ones (~0). This is not strictly
80 necessary, but assures that it will not match any existing types.
85 Existing boot loaders:
86 OPTIONAL, HIGHLY RECOMMENDED
90 The boot loader must provide either a tagged list or a dtb image for
91 passing configuration data to the kernel. The physical address of the
92 boot data is passed to the kernel in register r2.
94 4a. Setup the kernel tagged list
95 --------------------------------
97 The boot loader must create and initialise the kernel tagged list.
98 A valid tagged list starts with ATAG_CORE and ends with ATAG_NONE.
99 The ATAG_CORE tag may or may not be empty. An empty ATAG_CORE tag
100 has the size field set to '2' (0x00000002). The ATAG_NONE must set
101 the size field to zero.
103 Any number of tags can be placed in the list. It is undefined
104 whether a repeated tag appends to the information carried by the
105 previous tag, or whether it replaces the information in its
106 entirety; some tags behave as the former, others the latter.
108 The boot loader must pass at a minimum the size and location of
109 the system memory, and root filesystem location. Therefore, the
110 minimum tagged list should look::
113 base -> | ATAG_CORE | |
115 | ATAG_MEM | | increasing address
120 The tagged list should be stored in system RAM.
122 The tagged list must be placed in a region of memory where neither
123 the kernel decompressor nor initrd 'bootp' program will overwrite
124 it. The recommended placement is in the first 16KiB of RAM.
126 4b. Setup the device tree
127 -------------------------
129 The boot loader must load a device tree image (dtb) into system ram
130 at a 64bit aligned address and initialize it with the boot data. The
131 dtb format is documented in Documentation/devicetree/booting-without-of.txt.
132 The kernel will look for the dtb magic value of 0xd00dfeed at the dtb
133 physical address to determine if a dtb has been passed instead of a
136 The boot loader must pass at a minimum the size and location of the
137 system memory, and the root filesystem location. The dtb must be
138 placed in a region of memory where the kernel decompressor will not
139 overwrite it, while remaining within the region which will be covered
140 by the kernel's low-memory mapping.
142 A safe location is just above the 128MiB boundary from start of RAM.
147 Existing boot loaders:
152 If an initramfs is in use then, as with the dtb, it must be placed in
153 a region of memory where the kernel decompressor will not overwrite it
154 while also with the region which will be covered by the kernel's
157 A safe location is just above the device tree blob which itself will
158 be loaded just above the 128MiB boundary from the start of RAM as
161 6. Calling the kernel image
162 ---------------------------
164 Existing boot loaders:
169 There are two options for calling the kernel zImage. If the zImage
170 is stored in flash, and is linked correctly to be run from flash,
171 then it is legal for the boot loader to call the zImage in flash
174 The zImage may also be placed in system RAM and called there. The
175 kernel should be placed in the first 128MiB of RAM. It is recommended
176 that it is loaded above 32MiB in order to avoid the need to relocate
177 prior to decompression, which will make the boot process slightly
180 When booting a raw (non-zImage) kernel the constraints are tighter.
181 In this case the kernel must be loaded at an offset into system equal
182 to TEXT_OFFSET - PAGE_OFFSET.
184 In any case, the following conditions must be met:
186 - Quiesce all DMA capable devices so that memory does not get
187 corrupted by bogus network packets or disk data. This will save
188 you many hours of debug.
190 - CPU register settings
193 - r1 = machine type number discovered in (3) above.
194 - r2 = physical address of tagged list in system RAM, or
195 physical address of device tree block (dtb) in system RAM
199 All forms of interrupts must be disabled (IRQs and FIQs)
201 For CPUs which do not include the ARM virtualization extensions, the
202 CPU must be in SVC mode. (A special exception exists for Angel)
204 CPUs which include support for the virtualization extensions can be
205 entered in HYP mode in order to enable the kernel to make full use of
206 these extensions. This is the recommended boot method for such CPUs,
207 unless the virtualisations are already in use by a pre-installed
210 If the kernel is not entered in HYP mode for any reason, it must be
217 Instruction cache may be on or off.
219 Data cache must be off.
221 If the kernel is entered in HYP mode, the above requirements apply to
222 the HYP mode configuration in addition to the ordinary PL1 (privileged
223 kernel modes) configuration. In addition, all traps into the
224 hypervisor must be disabled, and PL1 access must be granted for all
225 peripherals and CPU resources for which this is architecturally
226 possible. Except for entering in HYP mode, the system configuration
227 should be such that a kernel which does not include support for the
228 virtualization extensions can boot correctly without extra help.
230 - The boot loader is expected to call the kernel image by jumping
231 directly to the first instruction of the kernel image.
233 On CPUs supporting the ARM instruction set, the entry must be
234 made in ARM state, even for a Thumb-2 kernel.
236 On CPUs supporting only the Thumb instruction set such as
237 Cortex-M class CPUs, the entry must be made in Thumb state.