3 USB Request Block (URB)
4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
14 The USB subsystem now has a substantial section at :ref:`usb-hostside-api`
15 section, generated from the current source code.
16 This particular documentation file isn't complete and may not be
17 updated to the last version; don't rely on it except for a quick
20 Basic concept or 'What is an URB?'
21 ==================================
23 The basic idea of the new driver is message passing, the message itself is
24 called USB Request Block, or URB for short.
26 - An URB consists of all relevant information to execute any USB transaction
27 and deliver the data and status back.
29 - Execution of an URB is inherently an asynchronous operation, i.e. the
30 :c:func:`usb_submit_urb` call returns immediately after it has successfully
31 queued the requested action.
33 - Transfers for one URB can be canceled with :c:func:`usb_unlink_urb`
36 - Each URB has a completion handler, which is called after the action
37 has been successfully completed or canceled. The URB also contains a
38 context-pointer for passing information to the completion handler.
40 - Each endpoint for a device logically supports a queue of requests.
41 You can fill that queue, so that the USB hardware can still transfer
42 data to an endpoint while your driver handles completion of another.
43 This maximizes use of USB bandwidth, and supports seamless streaming
44 of data to (or from) devices when using periodic transfer modes.
50 Some of the fields in struct :c:type:`urb` are::
54 // (IN) device and pipe specify the endpoint queue
55 struct usb_device *dev; // pointer to associated USB device
56 unsigned int pipe; // endpoint information
58 unsigned int transfer_flags; // URB_ISO_ASAP, URB_SHORT_NOT_OK, etc.
60 // (IN) all urbs need completion routines
61 void *context; // context for completion routine
62 usb_complete_t complete; // pointer to completion routine
64 // (OUT) status after each completion
65 int status; // returned status
67 // (IN) buffer used for data transfers
68 void *transfer_buffer; // associated data buffer
69 u32 transfer_buffer_length; // data buffer length
70 int number_of_packets; // size of iso_frame_desc
72 // (OUT) sometimes only part of CTRL/BULK/INTR transfer_buffer is used
73 u32 actual_length; // actual data buffer length
75 // (IN) setup stage for CTRL (pass a struct usb_ctrlrequest)
76 unsigned char *setup_packet; // setup packet (control only)
78 // Only for PERIODIC transfers (ISO, INTERRUPT)
79 // (IN/OUT) start_frame is set unless URB_ISO_ASAP isn't set
80 int start_frame; // start frame
81 int interval; // polling interval
83 // ISO only: packets are only "best effort"; each can have errors
84 int error_count; // number of errors
85 struct usb_iso_packet_descriptor iso_frame_desc[0];
88 Your driver must create the "pipe" value using values from the appropriate
89 endpoint descriptor in an interface that it's claimed.
95 URBs are allocated by calling :c:func:`usb_alloc_urb`::
97 struct urb *usb_alloc_urb(int isoframes, int mem_flags)
99 Return value is a pointer to the allocated URB, 0 if allocation failed.
100 The parameter isoframes specifies the number of isochronous transfer frames
101 you want to schedule. For CTRL/BULK/INT, use 0. The mem_flags parameter
102 holds standard memory allocation flags, letting you control (among other
103 things) whether the underlying code may block or not.
105 To free an URB, use :c:func:`usb_free_urb`::
107 void usb_free_urb(struct urb *urb)
109 You may free an urb that you've submitted, but which hasn't yet been
110 returned to you in a completion callback. It will automatically be
111 deallocated when it is no longer in use.
114 What has to be filled in?
115 =========================
117 Depending on the type of transaction, there are some inline functions
118 defined in ``linux/usb.h`` to simplify the initialization, such as
119 :c:func:`usb_fill_control_urb`, :c:func:`usb_fill_bulk_urb` and
120 :c:func:`usb_fill_int_urb`. In general, they need the usb device pointer,
121 the pipe (usual format from usb.h), the transfer buffer, the desired transfer
122 length, the completion handler, and its context. Take a look at the some
123 existing drivers to see how they're used.
127 - For ISO there are two startup behaviors: Specified start_frame or ASAP.
128 - For ASAP set ``URB_ISO_ASAP`` in transfer_flags.
130 If short packets should NOT be tolerated, set ``URB_SHORT_NOT_OK`` in
134 How to submit an URB?
135 =====================
137 Just call :c:func:`usb_submit_urb`::
139 int usb_submit_urb(struct urb *urb, int mem_flags)
141 The ``mem_flags`` parameter, such as ``GFP_ATOMIC``, controls memory
142 allocation, such as whether the lower levels may block when memory is tight.
144 It immediately returns, either with status 0 (request queued) or some
145 error code, usually caused by the following:
147 - Out of memory (``-ENOMEM``)
148 - Unplugged device (``-ENODEV``)
149 - Stalled endpoint (``-EPIPE``)
150 - Too many queued ISO transfers (``-EAGAIN``)
151 - Too many requested ISO frames (``-EFBIG``)
152 - Invalid INT interval (``-EINVAL``)
153 - More than one packet for INT (``-EINVAL``)
155 After submission, ``urb->status`` is ``-EINPROGRESS``; however, you should
156 never look at that value except in your completion callback.
158 For isochronous endpoints, your completion handlers should (re)submit
159 URBs to the same endpoint with the ``URB_ISO_ASAP`` flag, using
160 multi-buffering, to get seamless ISO streaming.
163 How to cancel an already running URB?
164 =====================================
166 There are two ways to cancel an URB you've submitted but which hasn't
167 been returned to your driver yet. For an asynchronous cancel, call
168 :c:func:`usb_unlink_urb`::
170 int usb_unlink_urb(struct urb *urb)
172 It removes the urb from the internal list and frees all allocated
173 HW descriptors. The status is changed to reflect unlinking. Note
174 that the URB will not normally have finished when :c:func:`usb_unlink_urb`
175 returns; you must still wait for the completion handler to be called.
177 To cancel an URB synchronously, call :c:func:`usb_kill_urb`::
179 void usb_kill_urb(struct urb *urb)
181 It does everything :c:func:`usb_unlink_urb` does, and in addition it waits
182 until after the URB has been returned and the completion handler
183 has finished. It also marks the URB as temporarily unusable, so
184 that if the completion handler or anyone else tries to resubmit it
185 they will get a ``-EPERM`` error. Thus you can be sure that when
186 :c:func:`usb_kill_urb` returns, the URB is totally idle.
188 There is a lifetime issue to consider. An URB may complete at any
189 time, and the completion handler may free the URB. If this happens
190 while :c:func:`usb_unlink_urb` or :c:func:`usb_kill_urb` is running, it will
191 cause a memory-access violation. The driver is responsible for avoiding this,
192 which often means some sort of lock will be needed to prevent the URB
193 from being deallocated while it is still in use.
195 On the other hand, since usb_unlink_urb may end up calling the
196 completion handler, the handler must not take any lock that is held
197 when usb_unlink_urb is invoked. The general solution to this problem
198 is to increment the URB's reference count while holding the lock, then
199 drop the lock and call usb_unlink_urb or usb_kill_urb, and then
200 decrement the URB's reference count. You increment the reference
201 count by calling :c:func`usb_get_urb`::
203 struct urb *usb_get_urb(struct urb *urb)
205 (ignore the return value; it is the same as the argument) and
206 decrement the reference count by calling :c:func:`usb_free_urb`. Of course,
207 none of this is necessary if there's no danger of the URB being freed
208 by the completion handler.
211 What about the completion handler?
212 ==================================
214 The handler is of the following type::
216 typedef void (*usb_complete_t)(struct urb *)
218 I.e., it gets the URB that caused the completion call. In the completion
219 handler, you should have a look at ``urb->status`` to detect any USB errors.
220 Since the context parameter is included in the URB, you can pass
221 information to the completion handler.
223 Note that even when an error (or unlink) is reported, data may have been
224 transferred. That's because USB transfers are packetized; it might take
225 sixteen packets to transfer your 1KByte buffer, and ten of them might
226 have transferred successfully before the completion was called.
231 NEVER SLEEP IN A COMPLETION HANDLER.
233 These are often called in atomic context.
235 In the current kernel, completion handlers run with local interrupts
236 disabled, but in the future this will be changed, so don't assume that
237 local IRQs are always disabled inside completion handlers.
239 How to do isochronous (ISO) transfers?
240 ======================================
242 Besides the fields present on a bulk transfer, for ISO, you also
243 also have to set ``urb->interval`` to say how often to make transfers; it's
244 often one per frame (which is once every microframe for highspeed devices).
245 The actual interval used will be a power of two that's no bigger than what
246 you specify. You can use the :c:func:`usb_fill_int_urb` macro to fill
247 most ISO transfer fields.
249 For ISO transfers you also have to fill a :c:type:`usb_iso_packet_descriptor`
250 structure, allocated at the end of the URB by :c:func:`usb_alloc_urb`, for
251 each packet you want to schedule.
253 The :c:func:`usb_submit_urb` call modifies ``urb->interval`` to the implemented
254 interval value that is less than or equal to the requested interval value. If
255 ``URB_ISO_ASAP`` scheduling is used, ``urb->start_frame`` is also updated.
257 For each entry you have to specify the data offset for this frame (base is
258 transfer_buffer), and the length you want to write/expect to read.
259 After completion, actual_length contains the actual transferred length and
260 status contains the resulting status for the ISO transfer for this frame.
261 It is allowed to specify a varying length from frame to frame (e.g. for
262 audio synchronisation/adaptive transfer rates). You can also use the length
263 0 to omit one or more frames (striping).
265 For scheduling you can choose your own start frame or ``URB_ISO_ASAP``. As
266 explained earlier, if you always keep at least one URB queued and your
267 completion keeps (re)submitting a later URB, you'll get smooth ISO streaming
268 (if usb bandwidth utilization allows).
270 If you specify your own start frame, make sure it's several frames in advance
271 of the current frame. You might want this model if you're synchronizing
272 ISO data with some other event stream.
275 How to start interrupt (INT) transfers?
276 =======================================
278 Interrupt transfers, like isochronous transfers, are periodic, and happen
279 in intervals that are powers of two (1, 2, 4 etc) units. Units are frames
280 for full and low speed devices, and microframes for high speed ones.
281 You can use the :c:func:`usb_fill_int_urb` macro to fill INT transfer fields.
283 The :c:func:`usb_submit_urb` call modifies ``urb->interval`` to the implemented
284 interval value that is less than or equal to the requested interval value.
286 In Linux 2.6, unlike earlier versions, interrupt URBs are not automagically
287 restarted when they complete. They end when the completion handler is
288 called, just like other URBs. If you want an interrupt URB to be restarted,
289 your completion handler must resubmit it.