1 Universal TUN/TAP device driver.
2 Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Maxim Krasnyansky <max_mk@yahoo.com>
5 Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Maxim Krasnyansky <max_mk@yahoo.com>
8 Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Maksim Yevmenkin <m_evmenkin@yahoo.com>
10 Revision of this document 2002 by Florian Thiel <florian.thiel@gmx.net>
13 TUN/TAP provides packet reception and transmission for user space programs.
14 It can be seen as a simple Point-to-Point or Ethernet device, which,
15 instead of receiving packets from physical media, receives them from
16 user space program and instead of sending packets via physical media
17 writes them to the user space program.
19 In order to use the driver a program has to open /dev/net/tun and issue a
20 corresponding ioctl() to register a network device with the kernel. A network
21 device will appear as tunXX or tapXX, depending on the options chosen. When
22 the program closes the file descriptor, the network device and all
23 corresponding routes will disappear.
25 Depending on the type of device chosen the userspace program has to read/write
26 IP packets (with tun) or ethernet frames (with tap). Which one is being used
27 depends on the flags given with the ioctl().
29 The package from http://vtun.sourceforge.net/tun contains two simple examples
30 for how to use tun and tap devices. Both programs work like a bridge between
31 two network interfaces.
32 br_select.c - bridge based on select system call.
33 br_sigio.c - bridge based on async io and SIGIO signal.
34 However, the best example is VTun http://vtun.sourceforge.net :))
38 mkdir /dev/net (if it doesn't exist already)
39 mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200
42 e.g. chmod 0666 /dev/net/tun
43 There's no harm in allowing the device to be accessible by non-root users,
44 since CAP_NET_ADMIN is required for creating network devices or for
45 connecting to network devices which aren't owned by the user in question.
46 If you want to create persistent devices and give ownership of them to
47 unprivileged users, then you need the /dev/net/tun device to be usable by
50 Driver module autoloading
52 Make sure that "Kernel module loader" - module auto-loading
53 support is enabled in your kernel. The kernel should load it on
57 insert the module by hand:
60 If you do it the latter way, you have to load the module every time you
61 need it, if you do it the other way it will be automatically loaded when
62 /dev/net/tun is being opened.
65 3.1 Network device allocation:
67 char *dev should be the name of the device with a format string (e.g.
68 "tun%d"), but (as far as I can see) this can be any valid network device name.
69 Note that the character pointer becomes overwritten with the real device name
73 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
75 int tun_alloc(char *dev)
80 if( (fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR)) < 0 )
81 return tun_alloc_old(dev);
83 memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
85 /* Flags: IFF_TUN - TUN device (no Ethernet headers)
86 * IFF_TAP - TAP device
88 * IFF_NO_PI - Do not provide packet information
90 ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TUN;
92 strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, dev, IFNAMSIZ);
94 if( (err = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *) &ifr)) < 0 ){
98 strcpy(dev, ifr.ifr_name);
103 If flag IFF_NO_PI is not set each frame format is:
106 Raw protocol(IP, IPv6, etc) frame.
108 3.3 Multiqueue tuntap interface:
110 From version 3.8, Linux supports multiqueue tuntap which can uses multiple
111 file descriptors (queues) to parallelize packets sending or receiving. The
112 device allocation is the same as before, and if user wants to create multiple
113 queues, TUNSETIFF with the same device name must be called many times with
114 IFF_MULTI_QUEUE flag.
116 char *dev should be the name of the device, queues is the number of queues to
117 be created, fds is used to store and return the file descriptors (queues)
118 created to the caller. Each file descriptor were served as the interface of a
119 queue which could be accessed by userspace.
121 #include <linux/if.h>
122 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
124 int tun_alloc_mq(char *dev, int queues, int *fds)
132 memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
133 /* Flags: IFF_TUN - TUN device (no Ethernet headers)
134 * IFF_TAP - TAP device
136 * IFF_NO_PI - Do not provide packet information
137 * IFF_MULTI_QUEUE - Create a queue of multiqueue device
139 ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI | IFF_MULTI_QUEUE;
140 strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, dev);
142 for (i = 0; i < queues; i++) {
143 if ((fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR)) < 0)
145 err = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *)&ifr);
155 for (--i; i >= 0; i--)
160 A new ioctl(TUNSETQUEUE) were introduced to enable or disable a queue. When
161 calling it with IFF_DETACH_QUEUE flag, the queue were disabled. And when
162 calling it with IFF_ATTACH_QUEUE flag, the queue were enabled. The queue were
163 enabled by default after it was created through TUNSETIFF.
165 fd is the file descriptor (queue) that we want to enable or disable, when
166 enable is true we enable it, otherwise we disable it
168 #include <linux/if.h>
169 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
171 int tun_set_queue(int fd, int enable)
175 memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
178 ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_ATTACH_QUEUE;
180 ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_DETACH_QUEUE;
182 return ioctl(fd, TUNSETQUEUE, (void *)&ifr);
185 Universal TUN/TAP device driver Frequently Asked Question.
187 1. What platforms are supported by TUN/TAP driver ?
188 Currently driver has been written for 3 Unices:
189 Linux kernels 2.2.x, 2.4.x
190 FreeBSD 3.x, 4.x, 5.x
191 Solaris 2.6, 7.0, 8.0
193 2. What is TUN/TAP driver used for?
194 As mentioned above, main purpose of TUN/TAP driver is tunneling.
195 It is used by VTun (http://vtun.sourceforge.net).
197 Another interesting application using TUN/TAP is pipsecd
198 (http://perso.enst.fr/~beyssac/pipsec/), a userspace IPSec
199 implementation that can use complete kernel routing (unlike FreeS/WAN).
201 3. How does Virtual network device actually work ?
202 Virtual network device can be viewed as a simple Point-to-Point or
203 Ethernet device, which instead of receiving packets from a physical
204 media, receives them from user space program and instead of sending
205 packets via physical media sends them to the user space program.
207 Let's say that you configured IPv6 on the tap0, then whenever
208 the kernel sends an IPv6 packet to tap0, it is passed to the application
209 (VTun for example). The application encrypts, compresses and sends it to
210 the other side over TCP or UDP. The application on the other side decompresses
211 and decrypts the data received and writes the packet to the TAP device,
212 the kernel handles the packet like it came from real physical device.
214 4. What is the difference between TUN driver and TAP driver?
215 TUN works with IP frames. TAP works with Ethernet frames.
217 This means that you have to read/write IP packets when you are using tun and
218 ethernet frames when using tap.
220 5. What is the difference between BPF and TUN/TAP driver?
221 BPF is an advanced packet filter. It can be attached to existing
222 network interface. It does not provide a virtual network interface.
223 A TUN/TAP driver does provide a virtual network interface and it is possible
224 to attach BPF to this interface.
226 6. Does TAP driver support kernel Ethernet bridging?
227 Yes. Linux and FreeBSD drivers support Ethernet bridging.