8 The Energy Model (EM) framework serves as an interface between drivers knowing
9 the power consumed by CPUs at various performance levels, and the kernel
10 subsystems willing to use that information to make energy-aware decisions.
12 The source of the information about the power consumed by CPUs can vary greatly
13 from one platform to another. These power costs can be estimated using
14 devicetree data in some cases. In others, the firmware will know better.
15 Alternatively, userspace might be best positioned. And so on. In order to avoid
16 each and every client subsystem to re-implement support for each and every
17 possible source of information on its own, the EM framework intervenes as an
18 abstraction layer which standardizes the format of power cost tables in the
19 kernel, hence enabling to avoid redundant work.
21 The figure below depicts an example of drivers (Arm-specific here, but the
22 approach is applicable to any architecture) providing power costs to the EM
23 framework, and interested clients reading the data from it::
25 +---------------+ +-----------------+ +---------------+
26 | Thermal (IPA) | | Scheduler (EAS) | | Other |
27 +---------------+ +-----------------+ +---------------+
30 +---------+ | +---------+
33 +---------------------+
36 +---------------------+
38 | | | em_register_perf_domain()
39 +----------+ | +---------+
41 +---------------+ +---------------+ +--------------+
42 | cpufreq-dt | | arm_scmi | | Other |
43 +---------------+ +---------------+ +--------------+
46 +--------------+ +---------------+ +--------------+
47 | Device Tree | | Firmware | | ? |
48 +--------------+ +---------------+ +--------------+
50 The EM framework manages power cost tables per 'performance domain' in the
51 system. A performance domain is a group of CPUs whose performance is scaled
52 together. Performance domains generally have a 1-to-1 mapping with CPUFreq
53 policies. All CPUs in a performance domain are required to have the same
54 micro-architecture. CPUs in different performance domains can have different
64 CONFIG_ENERGY_MODEL must be enabled to use the EM framework.
67 2.2 Registration of performance domains
68 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
70 Drivers are expected to register performance domains into the EM framework by
71 calling the following API::
73 int em_register_perf_domain(cpumask_t *span, unsigned int nr_states,
74 struct em_data_callback *cb);
76 Drivers must specify the CPUs of the performance domains using the cpumask
77 argument, and provide a callback function returning <frequency, power> tuples
78 for each capacity state. The callback function provided by the driver is free
79 to fetch data from any relevant location (DT, firmware, ...), and by any mean
80 deemed necessary. See Section 3. for an example of driver implementing this
81 callback, and kernel/power/energy_model.c for further documentation on this
85 2.3 Accessing performance domains
86 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
88 Subsystems interested in the energy model of a CPU can retrieve it using the
89 em_cpu_get() API. The energy model tables are allocated once upon creation of
90 the performance domains, and kept in memory untouched.
92 The energy consumed by a performance domain can be estimated using the
93 em_pd_energy() API. The estimation is performed assuming that the schedutil
94 CPUfreq governor is in use.
96 More details about the above APIs can be found in include/linux/energy_model.h.
102 This section provides a simple example of a CPUFreq driver registering a
103 performance domain in the Energy Model framework using the (fake) 'foo'
104 protocol. The driver implements an est_power() function to be provided to the
107 -> drivers/cpufreq/foo_cpufreq.c
109 01 static int est_power(unsigned long *mW, unsigned long *KHz, int cpu)
113 05 /* Use the 'foo' protocol to ceil the frequency */
114 06 freq = foo_get_freq_ceil(cpu, *KHz);
118 10 /* Estimate the power cost for the CPU at the relevant freq. */
119 11 power = foo_estimate_power(cpu, freq);
123 15 /* Return the values to the EM framework */
130 22 static int foo_cpufreq_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
132 24 struct em_data_callback em_cb = EM_DATA_CB(est_power);
135 27 /* Do the actual CPUFreq init work ... */
136 28 ret = do_foo_cpufreq_init(policy);
140 32 /* Find the number of OPPs for this policy */
141 33 nr_opp = foo_get_nr_opp(policy);
143 35 /* And register the new performance domain */
144 36 em_register_perf_domain(policy->cpus, nr_opp, &em_cb);