8 Dynamic PCM allows an ALSA PCM device to digitally route its PCM audio to
9 various digital endpoints during the PCM stream runtime. e.g. PCM0 can route
10 digital audio to I2S DAI0, I2S DAI1 or PDM DAI2. This is useful for on SoC DSP
11 drivers that expose several ALSA PCMs and can route to multiple DAIs.
13 The DPCM runtime routing is determined by the ALSA mixer settings in the same
14 way as the analog signal is routed in an ASoC codec driver. DPCM uses a DAPM
15 graph representing the DSP internal audio paths and uses the mixer settings to
16 determine the patch used by each ALSA PCM.
18 DPCM re-uses all the existing component codec, platform and DAI drivers without
22 Phone Audio System with SoC based DSP
23 -------------------------------------
25 Consider the following phone audio subsystem. This will be used in this
26 document for all examples :-
29 | Front End PCMs | SoC DSP | Back End DAIs | Audio devices |
32 PCM0 <------------> * * <----DAI0-----> Codec Headset
34 PCM1 <------------> * * <----DAI1-----> Codec Speakers
36 PCM2 <------------> * * <----DAI2-----> MODEM
38 PCM3 <------------> * * <----DAI3-----> BT
40 * * <----DAI4-----> DMIC
42 * * <----DAI5-----> FM
45 This diagram shows a simple smart phone audio subsystem. It supports Bluetooth,
46 FM digital radio, Speakers, Headset Jack, digital microphones and cellular
47 modem. This sound card exposes 4 DSP front end (FE) ALSA PCM devices and
48 supports 6 back end (BE) DAIs. Each FE PCM can digitally route audio data to any
49 of the BE DAIs. The FE PCM devices can also route audio to more than 1 BE DAI.
53 Example - DPCM Switching playback from DAI0 to DAI1
54 ---------------------------------------------------
56 Audio is being played to the Headset. After a while the user removes the headset
57 and audio continues playing on the speakers.
59 Playback on PCM0 to Headset would look like :-
63 PCM0 <============> * * <====DAI0=====> Codec Headset
65 PCM1 <------------> * * <----DAI1-----> Codec Speakers
67 PCM2 <------------> * * <----DAI2-----> MODEM
69 PCM3 <------------> * * <----DAI3-----> BT
71 * * <----DAI4-----> DMIC
73 * * <----DAI5-----> FM
76 The headset is removed from the jack by user so the speakers must now be used :-
80 PCM0 <============> * * <----DAI0-----> Codec Headset
82 PCM1 <------------> * * <====DAI1=====> Codec Speakers
84 PCM2 <------------> * * <----DAI2-----> MODEM
86 PCM3 <------------> * * <----DAI3-----> BT
88 * * <----DAI4-----> DMIC
90 * * <----DAI5-----> FM
93 The audio driver processes this as follows :-
95 1. Machine driver receives Jack removal event.
97 2. Machine driver OR audio HAL disables the Headset path.
99 3. DPCM runs the PCM trigger(stop), hw_free(), shutdown() operations on DAI0
100 for headset since the path is now disabled.
102 4. Machine driver or audio HAL enables the speaker path.
104 5. DPCM runs the PCM ops for startup(), hw_params(), prepapre() and
105 trigger(start) for DAI1 Speakers since the path is enabled.
107 In this example, the machine driver or userspace audio HAL can alter the routing
108 and then DPCM will take care of managing the DAI PCM operations to either bring
109 the link up or down. Audio playback does not stop during this transition.
116 The DPCM enabled ASoC machine driver is similar to normal machine drivers
117 except that we also have to :-
119 1. Define the FE and BE DAI links.
121 2. Define any FE/BE PCM operations.
123 3. Define widget graph connections.
130 | Front End PCMs | SoC DSP | Back End DAIs | Audio devices |
133 PCM0 <------------> * * <----DAI0-----> Codec Headset
135 PCM1 <------------> * * <----DAI1-----> Codec Speakers
137 PCM2 <------------> * * <----DAI2-----> MODEM
139 PCM3 <------------> * * <----DAI3-----> BT
141 * * <----DAI4-----> DMIC
143 * * <----DAI5-----> FM
146 For the example above we have to define 4 FE DAI links and 6 BE DAI links. The
147 FE DAI links are defined as follows :-
150 static struct snd_soc_dai_link machine_dais[] = {
152 .name = "PCM0 System",
153 .stream_name = "System Playback",
154 .cpu_dai_name = "System Pin",
155 .platform_name = "dsp-audio",
156 .codec_name = "snd-soc-dummy",
157 .codec_dai_name = "snd-soc-dummy-dai",
159 .trigger = {SND_SOC_DPCM_TRIGGER_POST, SND_SOC_DPCM_TRIGGER_POST},
162 .....< other FE and BE DAI links here >
165 This FE DAI link is pretty similar to a regular DAI link except that we also
166 set the DAI link to a DPCM FE with the ``dynamic = 1``. The supported FE stream
167 directions should also be set with the ``dpcm_playback`` and ``dpcm_capture``
168 flags. There is also an option to specify the ordering of the trigger call for
169 each FE. This allows the ASoC core to trigger the DSP before or after the other
170 components (as some DSPs have strong requirements for the ordering DAI/DSP
171 start and stop sequences).
173 The FE DAI above sets the codec and code DAIs to dummy devices since the BE is
174 dynamic and will change depending on runtime config.
176 The BE DAIs are configured as follows :-
179 static struct snd_soc_dai_link machine_dais[] = {
180 .....< FE DAI links here >
182 .name = "Codec Headset",
183 .cpu_dai_name = "ssp-dai.0",
184 .platform_name = "snd-soc-dummy",
186 .codec_name = "rt5640.0-001c",
187 .codec_dai_name = "rt5640-aif1",
189 .ignore_pmdown_time = 1,
190 .be_hw_params_fixup = hswult_ssp0_fixup,
195 .....< other BE DAI links here >
198 This BE DAI link connects DAI0 to the codec (in this case RT5460 AIF1). It sets
199 the ``no_pcm`` flag to mark it has a BE and sets flags for supported stream
200 directions using ``dpcm_playback`` and ``dpcm_capture`` above.
202 The BE has also flags set for ignoring suspend and PM down time. This allows
203 the BE to work in a hostless mode where the host CPU is not transferring data
204 like a BT phone call :-
208 PCM0 <------------> * * <----DAI0-----> Codec Headset
210 PCM1 <------------> * * <----DAI1-----> Codec Speakers
212 PCM2 <------------> * * <====DAI2=====> MODEM
214 PCM3 <------------> * * <====DAI3=====> BT
216 * * <----DAI4-----> DMIC
218 * * <----DAI5-----> FM
221 This allows the host CPU to sleep whilst the DSP, MODEM DAI and the BT DAI are
224 A BE DAI link can also set the codec to a dummy device if the code is a device
225 that is managed externally.
227 Likewise a BE DAI can also set a dummy cpu DAI if the CPU DAI is managed by the
234 The BE above also exports some PCM operations and a ``fixup`` callback. The fixup
235 callback is used by the machine driver to (re)configure the DAI based upon the
236 FE hw params. i.e. the DSP may perform SRC or ASRC from the FE to BE.
238 e.g. DSP converts all FE hw params to run at fixed rate of 48k, 16bit, stereo for
239 DAI0. This means all FE hw_params have to be fixed in the machine driver for
240 DAI0 so that the DAI is running at desired configuration regardless of the FE
244 static int dai0_fixup(struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd,
245 struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params)
247 struct snd_interval *rate = hw_param_interval(params,
248 SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE);
249 struct snd_interval *channels = hw_param_interval(params,
250 SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS);
252 /* The DSP will covert the FE rate to 48k, stereo */
253 rate->min = rate->max = 48000;
254 channels->min = channels->max = 2;
256 /* set DAI0 to 16 bit */
257 snd_mask_set(¶ms->masks[SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT -
258 SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FIRST_MASK],
259 SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
263 The other PCM operation are the same as for regular DAI links. Use as necessary.
266 Widget graph connections
267 ------------------------
269 The BE DAI links will normally be connected to the graph at initialisation time
270 by the ASoC DAPM core. However, if the BE codec or BE DAI is a dummy then this
271 has to be set explicitly in the driver :-
274 /* BE for codec Headset - DAI0 is dummy and managed by DSP FW */
275 {"DAI0 CODEC IN", NULL, "AIF1 Capture"},
276 {"AIF1 Playback", NULL, "DAI0 CODEC OUT"},
279 Writing a DPCM DSP driver
280 =========================
282 The DPCM DSP driver looks much like a standard platform class ASoC driver
283 combined with elements from a codec class driver. A DSP platform driver must
286 1. Front End PCM DAIs - i.e. struct snd_soc_dai_driver.
288 2. DAPM graph showing DSP audio routing from FE DAIs to BEs.
290 3. DAPM widgets from DSP graph.
292 4. Mixers for gains, routing, etc.
294 5. DMA configuration.
298 Items 6 is important for routing the audio outside of the DSP. AIF need to be
299 defined for each BE and each stream direction. e.g for BE DAI0 above we would
303 SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_IN("DAI0 RX", NULL, 0, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
304 SND_SOC_DAPM_AIF_OUT("DAI0 TX", NULL, 0, SND_SOC_NOPM, 0, 0),
306 The BE AIF are used to connect the DSP graph to the graphs for the other
307 component drivers (e.g. codec graph).
313 A hostless PCM stream is a stream that is not routed through the host CPU. An
314 example of this would be a phone call from handset to modem.
318 PCM0 <------------> * * <----DAI0-----> Codec Headset
320 PCM1 <------------> * * <====DAI1=====> Codec Speakers/Mic
322 PCM2 <------------> * * <====DAI2=====> MODEM
324 PCM3 <------------> * * <----DAI3-----> BT
326 * * <----DAI4-----> DMIC
328 * * <----DAI5-----> FM
331 In this case the PCM data is routed via the DSP. The host CPU in this use case
332 is only used for control and can sleep during the runtime of the stream.
334 The host can control the hostless link either by :-
336 1. Configuring the link as a CODEC <-> CODEC style link. In this case the link
337 is enabled or disabled by the state of the DAPM graph. This usually means
338 there is a mixer control that can be used to connect or disconnect the path
341 2. Hostless FE. This FE has a virtual connection to the BE DAI links on the DAPM
342 graph. Control is then carried out by the FE as regular PCM operations.
343 This method gives more control over the DAI links, but requires much more
344 userspace code to control the link. Its recommended to use CODEC<->CODEC
345 unless your HW needs more fine grained sequencing of the PCM ops.
351 This DAI link is enabled when DAPM detects a valid path within the DAPM graph.
352 The machine driver sets some additional parameters to the DAI link i.e.
355 static const struct snd_soc_pcm_stream dai_params = {
356 .formats = SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S32_LE,
363 static struct snd_soc_dai_link dais[] = {
364 < ... more DAI links above ... >
367 .stream_name = "MODEM",
368 .cpu_dai_name = "dai2",
369 .codec_dai_name = "modem-aif1",
370 .codec_name = "modem",
371 .dai_fmt = SND_SOC_DAIFMT_I2S | SND_SOC_DAIFMT_NB_NF
372 | SND_SOC_DAIFMT_CBM_CFM,
373 .params = &dai_params,
375 < ... more DAI links here ... >
377 These parameters are used to configure the DAI hw_params() when DAPM detects a
378 valid path and then calls the PCM operations to start the link. DAPM will also
379 call the appropriate PCM operations to disable the DAI when the path is no
386 The DAI link(s) are enabled by a FE that does not read or write any PCM data.
387 This means creating a new FE that is connected with a virtual path to both
388 DAI links. The DAI links will be started when the FE PCM is started and stopped
389 when the FE PCM is stopped. Note that the FE PCM cannot read or write data in