5 Shadow variables are a simple way for livepatch modules to associate
6 additional "shadow" data with existing data structures. Shadow data is
7 allocated separately from parent data structures, which are left
8 unmodified. The shadow variable API described in this document is used
9 to allocate/add and remove/free shadow variables to/from their parents.
11 The implementation introduces a global, in-kernel hashtable that
12 associates pointers to parent objects and a numeric identifier of the
13 shadow data. The numeric identifier is a simple enumeration that may be
14 used to describe shadow variable version, class or type, etc. More
15 specifically, the parent pointer serves as the hashtable key while the
16 numeric id subsequently filters hashtable queries. Multiple shadow
17 variables may attach to the same parent object, but their numeric
18 identifier distinguishes between them.
24 (See the full API usage docbook notes in livepatch/shadow.c.)
26 A hashtable references all shadow variables. These references are
27 stored and retrieved through a <obj, id> pair.
29 * The klp_shadow variable data structure encapsulates both tracking
30 meta-data and shadow-data:
32 - obj - pointer to parent object
33 - id - data identifier
34 - data[] - storage for shadow data
36 It is important to note that the klp_shadow_alloc() and
37 klp_shadow_get_or_alloc() calls, described below, store a *copy* of the
38 data that the functions are provided. Callers should provide whatever
39 mutual exclusion is required of the shadow data.
41 * klp_shadow_get() - retrieve a shadow variable data pointer
42 - search hashtable for <obj, id> pair
44 * klp_shadow_alloc() - allocate and add a new shadow variable
45 - search hashtable for <obj, id> pair
47 - WARN and return NULL
48 - if <obj, id> doesn't already exist
49 - allocate a new shadow variable
50 - copy data into the new shadow variable
51 - add <obj, id> to the global hashtable
53 * klp_shadow_get_or_alloc() - get existing or alloc a new shadow variable
54 - search hashtable for <obj, id> pair
56 - return existing shadow variable
57 - if <obj, id> doesn't already exist
58 - allocate a new shadow variable
59 - copy data into the new shadow variable
60 - add <obj, id> pair to the global hashtable
62 * klp_shadow_free() - detach and free a <obj, id> shadow variable
63 - find and remove a <obj, id> reference from global hashtable
64 - if found, free shadow variable
66 * klp_shadow_free_all() - detach and free all <*, id> shadow variables
67 - find and remove any <*, id> references from global hashtable
68 - if found, free shadow variable
74 (See the example shadow variable livepatch modules in samples/livepatch/
75 for full working demonstrations.)
77 For the following use-case examples, consider commit 1d147bfa6429
78 ("mac80211: fix AP powersave TX vs. wakeup race"), which added a
79 spinlock to net/mac80211/sta_info.h :: struct sta_info. Each use-case
80 example can be considered a stand-alone livepatch implementation of this
84 Matching parent's lifecycle
85 ---------------------------
87 If parent data structures are frequently created and destroyed, it may
88 be easiest to align their shadow variables lifetimes to the same
89 allocation and release functions. In this case, the parent data
90 structure is typically allocated, initialized, then registered in some
91 manner. Shadow variable allocation and setup can then be considered
92 part of the parent's initialization and should be completed before the
93 parent "goes live" (ie, any shadow variable get-API requests are made
94 for this <obj, id> pair.)
96 For commit 1d147bfa6429, when a parent sta_info structure is allocated,
97 allocate a shadow copy of the ps_lock pointer, then initialize it:
100 struct sta_info *sta_info_alloc(struct ieee80211_sub_if_data *sdata,
101 const u8 *addr, gfp_t gfp)
103 struct sta_info *sta;
106 /* Parent structure is created */
107 sta = kzalloc(sizeof(*sta) + hw->sta_data_size, gfp);
109 /* Attach a corresponding shadow variable, then initialize it */
110 ps_lock = klp_shadow_alloc(sta, PS_LOCK, NULL, sizeof(*ps_lock), gfp);
113 spin_lock_init(ps_lock);
116 When requiring a ps_lock, query the shadow variable API to retrieve one
117 for a specific struct sta_info:
119 void ieee80211_sta_ps_deliver_wakeup(struct sta_info *sta)
123 /* sync with ieee80211_tx_h_unicast_ps_buf */
124 ps_lock = klp_shadow_get(sta, PS_LOCK);
129 When the parent sta_info structure is freed, first free the shadow
132 void sta_info_free(struct ieee80211_local *local, struct sta_info *sta)
134 klp_shadow_free(sta, PS_LOCK);
139 In-flight parent objects
140 ------------------------
142 Sometimes it may not be convenient or possible to allocate shadow
143 variables alongside their parent objects. Or a livepatch fix may
144 require shadow varibles to only a subset of parent object instances. In
145 these cases, the klp_shadow_get_or_alloc() call can be used to attach
146 shadow variables to parents already in-flight.
148 For commit 1d147bfa6429, a good spot to allocate a shadow spinlock is
149 inside ieee80211_sta_ps_deliver_wakeup():
152 void ieee80211_sta_ps_deliver_wakeup(struct sta_info *sta)
154 DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ps_lock_fallback);
157 /* sync with ieee80211_tx_h_unicast_ps_buf */
158 ps_lock = klp_shadow_get_or_alloc(sta, PS_LOCK,
159 &ps_lock_fallback, sizeof(ps_lock_fallback),
165 This usage will create a shadow variable, only if needed, otherwise it
166 will use one that was already created for this <obj, id> pair.
168 Like the previous use-case, the shadow spinlock needs to be cleaned up.
169 A shadow variable can be freed just before its parent object is freed,
170 or even when the shadow variable itself is no longer required.
176 Shadow variables can also be used as a flag indicating that a data
177 structure was allocated by new, livepatched code. In this case, it
178 doesn't matter what data value the shadow variable holds, its existence
179 suggests how to handle the parent object.
185 * https://github.com/dynup/kpatch
186 The livepatch implementation is based on the kpatch version of shadow
189 * http://files.mkgnu.net/files/dynamos/doc/papers/dynamos_eurosys_07.pdf
190 Dynamic and Adaptive Updates of Non-Quiescent Subsystems in Commodity
191 Operating System Kernels (Kritis Makris, Kyung Dong Ryu 2007) presented
192 a datatype update technique called "shadow data structures".