1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
5 Linux kernel licensing rules
6 ============================
8 The Linux Kernel is provided under the terms of the GNU General Public
9 License version 2 only (GPL-2.0), as provided in LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0,
10 with an explicit syscall exception described in
11 LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note, as described in the COPYING file.
13 This documentation file provides a description of how each source file
14 should be annotated to make its license clear and unambiguous.
15 It doesn't replace the Kernel's license.
17 The license described in the COPYING file applies to the kernel source
18 as a whole, though individual source files can have a different license
19 which is required to be compatible with the GPL-2.0::
21 GPL-1.0+ : GNU General Public License v1.0 or later
22 GPL-2.0+ : GNU General Public License v2.0 or later
23 LGPL-2.0 : GNU Library General Public License v2 only
24 LGPL-2.0+ : GNU Library General Public License v2 or later
25 LGPL-2.1 : GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 only
26 LGPL-2.1+ : GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 or later
28 Aside from that, individual files can be provided under a dual license,
29 e.g. one of the compatible GPL variants and alternatively under a
30 permissive license like BSD, MIT etc.
32 The User-space API (UAPI) header files, which describe the interface of
33 user-space programs to the kernel are a special case. According to the
34 note in the kernel COPYING file, the syscall interface is a clear boundary,
35 which does not extend the GPL requirements to any software which uses it to
36 communicate with the kernel. Because the UAPI headers must be includable
37 into any source files which create an executable running on the Linux
38 kernel, the exception must be documented by a special license expression.
40 The common way of expressing the license of a source file is to add the
41 matching boilerplate text into the top comment of the file. Due to
42 formatting, typos etc. these "boilerplates" are hard to validate for
43 tools which are used in the context of license compliance.
45 An alternative to boilerplate text is the use of Software Package Data
46 Exchange (SPDX) license identifiers in each source file. SPDX license
47 identifiers are machine parsable and precise shorthands for the license
48 under which the content of the file is contributed. SPDX license
49 identifiers are managed by the SPDX Workgroup at the Linux Foundation and
50 have been agreed on by partners throughout the industry, tool vendors, and
51 legal teams. For further information see https://spdx.org/
53 The Linux kernel requires the precise SPDX identifier in all source files.
54 The valid identifiers used in the kernel are explained in the section
55 `License identifiers`_ and have been retrieved from the official SPDX
56 license list at https://spdx.org/licenses/ along with the license texts.
58 License identifier syntax
59 -------------------------
63 The SPDX license identifier in kernel files shall be added at the first
64 possible line in a file which can contain a comment. For the majority
65 or files this is the first line, except for scripts which require the
66 '#!PATH_TO_INTERPRETER' in the first line. For those scripts the SPDX
67 identifier goes into the second line.
73 The SPDX license identifier is added in form of a comment. The comment
74 style depends on the file type::
76 C source: // SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
77 C header: /* SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression> */
78 ASM: /* SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression> */
79 scripts: # SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
80 .rst: .. SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
81 .dts{i}: // SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX License Expression>
83 If a specific tool cannot handle the standard comment style, then the
84 appropriate comment mechanism which the tool accepts shall be used. This
85 is the reason for having the "/\* \*/" style comment in C header
86 files. There was build breakage observed with generated .lds files where
87 'ld' failed to parse the C++ comment. This has been fixed by now, but
88 there are still older assembler tools which cannot handle C++ style
95 A <SPDX License Expression> is either an SPDX short form license
96 identifier found on the SPDX License List, or the combination of two
97 SPDX short form license identifiers separated by "WITH" when a license
98 exception applies. When multiple licenses apply, an expression consists
99 of keywords "AND", "OR" separating sub-expressions and surrounded by
102 License identifiers for licenses like [L]GPL with the 'or later' option
103 are constructed by using a "+" for indicating the 'or later' option.::
105 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
106 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+
108 WITH should be used when there is a modifier to a license needed.
109 For example, the linux kernel UAPI files use the expression::
111 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note
112 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note
114 Other examples using WITH exceptions found in the kernel are::
116 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH mif-exception
117 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ WITH GCC-exception-2.0
119 Exceptions can only be used with particular License identifiers. The
120 valid License identifiers are listed in the tags of the exception text
121 file. For details see the point `Exceptions`_ in the chapter `License
124 OR should be used if the file is dual licensed and only one license is
125 to be selected. For example, some dtsi files are available under dual
128 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause
130 Examples from the kernel for license expressions in dual licensed files::
132 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR MIT
133 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-2-Clause
134 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR Apache-2.0
135 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR MPL-1.1
136 // SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT
137 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-1.0+ OR BSD-3-Clause OR OpenSSL
139 AND should be used if the file has multiple licenses whose terms all
140 apply to use the file. For example, if code is inherited from another
141 project and permission has been given to put it in the kernel, but the
142 original license terms need to remain in effect::
144 // SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT
146 Another other example where both sets of license terms need to be
149 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-1.0+ AND LGPL-2.1+
154 The licenses currently used, as well as the licenses for code added to the
155 kernel, can be broken down into:
157 1. _`Preferred licenses`:
159 Whenever possible these licenses should be used as they are known to be
160 fully compatible and widely used. These licenses are available from the
165 in the kernel source tree.
167 The files in this directory contain the full license text and
168 `Metatags`_. The file names are identical to the SPDX license
169 identifier which shall be used for the license in source files.
173 LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0
175 Contains the GPL version 2 license text and the required metatags::
177 LICENSES/preferred/MIT
179 Contains the MIT license text and the required metatags
183 The following meta tags must be available in a license file:
185 - Valid-License-Identifier:
187 One or more lines which declare which License Identifiers are valid
188 inside the project to reference this particular license text. Usually
189 this is a single valid identifier, but e.g. for licenses with the 'or
190 later' options two identifiers are valid.
194 The URL of the SPDX page which contains additional information related
199 Freeform text for usage advice. The text must include correct examples
200 for the SPDX license identifiers as they should be put into source
201 files according to the `License identifier syntax`_ guidelines.
205 All text after this tag is treated as the original license text
207 File format examples::
209 Valid-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
210 Valid-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
211 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-2.0.html
213 To use this license in source code, put one of the following SPDX
214 tag/value pairs into a comment according to the placement
215 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
216 For 'GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 only' use:
217 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
218 For 'GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 or any later version' use:
219 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
225 SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
226 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT.html
228 To use this license in source code, put the following SPDX
229 tag/value pair into a comment according to the placement
230 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
231 SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
237 2. Not recommended licenses:
239 These licenses should only be used for existing code or for importing
240 code from a different project. These licenses are available from the
245 in the kernel source tree.
247 The files in this directory contain the full license text and
248 `Metatags`_. The file names are identical to the SPDX license
249 identifier which shall be used for the license in source files.
255 Contains the Internet Systems Consortium license text and the required
260 Contains the ZLIB license text and the required metatags.
264 The metatag requirements for 'other' licenses are identical to the
265 requirements of the `Preferred licenses`_.
267 File format example::
269 Valid-License-Identifier: ISC
270 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/ISC.html
272 Usage of this license in the kernel for new code is discouraged
273 and it should solely be used for importing code from an already
275 To use this license in source code, put the following SPDX
276 tag/value pair into a comment according to the placement
277 guidelines in the licensing rules documentation.
278 SPDX-License-Identifier: ISC
286 Some licenses can be amended with exceptions which grant certain rights
287 which the original license does not. These exceptions are available
292 in the kernel source tree. The files in this directory contain the full
293 exception text and the required `Exception Metatags`_.
297 LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note
299 Contains the Linux syscall exception as documented in the COPYING
300 file of the Linux kernel, which is used for UAPI header files.
301 e.g. /\* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note \*/::
303 LICENSES/exceptions/GCC-exception-2.0
305 Contains the GCC 'linking exception' which allows to link any binary
306 independent of its license against the compiled version of a file marked
307 with this exception. This is required for creating runnable executables
308 from source code which is not compatible with the GPL.
310 _`Exception Metatags`:
312 The following meta tags must be available in an exception file:
314 - SPDX-Exception-Identifier:
316 One exception identifier which can be used with SPDX license
321 The URL of the SPDX page which contains additional information related
326 A comma separated list of SPDX license identifiers for which the
327 exception can be used.
331 Freeform text for usage advice. The text must be followed by correct
332 examples for the SPDX license identifiers as they should be put into
333 source files according to the `License identifier syntax`_ guidelines.
337 All text after this tag is treated as the original exception text
339 File format examples::
341 SPDX-Exception-Identifier: Linux-syscall-note
342 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/Linux-syscall-note.html
343 SPDX-Licenses: GPL-2.0, GPL-2.0+, GPL-1.0+, LGPL-2.0, LGPL-2.0+, LGPL-2.1, LGPL-2.1+
345 This exception is used together with one of the above SPDX-Licenses
346 to mark user-space API (uapi) header files so they can be included
347 into non GPL compliant user-space application code.
348 To use this exception add it with the keyword WITH to one of the
349 identifiers in the SPDX-Licenses tag:
350 SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX-License> WITH Linux-syscall-note
356 SPDX-Exception-Identifier: GCC-exception-2.0
357 SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/GCC-exception-2.0.html
358 SPDX-Licenses: GPL-2.0, GPL-2.0+
360 The "GCC Runtime Library exception 2.0" is used together with one
361 of the above SPDX-Licenses for code imported from the GCC runtime
363 To use this exception add it with the keyword WITH to one of the
364 identifiers in the SPDX-Licenses tag:
365 SPDX-License-Identifier: <SPDX-License> WITH GCC-exception-2.0
370 All SPDX license identifiers and exceptions must have a corresponding file
371 in the LICENSE subdirectories. This is required to allow tool
372 verification (e.g. checkpatch.pl) and to have the licenses ready to read
373 and extract right from the source, which is recommended by various FOSS
374 organizations, e.g. the `FSFE REUSE initiative <https://reuse.software/>`_.