kernel/locking/qspinlock.c

   1 /*
   2  * Queued spinlock
   3  *
   4  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   5  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   6  * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
   7  * (at your option) any later version.
   8  *
   9  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  10  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  11  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  12  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  13  *
  14  * (C) Copyright 2013-2015 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
  15  * (C) Copyright 2013-2014 Red Hat, Inc.
  16  * (C) Copyright 2015 Intel Corp.
  17  * (C) Copyright 2015 Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Development LP
  18  *
  19  * Authors: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hpe.com>
  20  *          Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
  21  */
  22
  23 #ifndef _GEN_PV_LOCK_SLOWPATH
  24
  25 #include <linux/smp.h>
  26 #include <linux/bug.h>
  27 #include <linux/cpumask.h>
  28 #include <linux/percpu.h>
  29 #include <linux/hardirq.h>
  30 #include <linux/mutex.h>
  31 #include <asm/byteorder.h>
  32 #include <asm/qspinlock.h>
  33
  34 /*
  35  * The basic principle of a queue-based spinlock can best be understood
  36  * by studying a classic queue-based spinlock implementation called the
  37  * MCS lock. The paper below provides a good description for this kind
  38  * of lock.
  39  *
  40  * http://www.cise.ufl.edu/tr/DOC/REP-1992-71.pdf
  41  *
  42  * This queued spinlock implementation is based on the MCS lock, however to make
  43  * it fit the 4 bytes we assume spinlock_t to be, and preserve its existing
  44  * API, we must modify it somehow.
  45  *
  46  * In particular; where the traditional MCS lock consists of a tail pointer
  47  * (8 bytes) and needs the next pointer (another 8 bytes) of its own node to
  48  * unlock the next pending (next->locked), we compress both these: {tail,
  49  * next->locked} into a single u32 value.
  50  *
  51  * Since a spinlock disables recursion of its own context and there is a limit
  52  * to the contexts that can nest; namely: task, softirq, hardirq, nmi. As there
  53  * are at most 4 nesting levels, it can be encoded by a 2-bit number. Now
  54  * we can encode the tail by combining the 2-bit nesting level with the cpu
  55  * number. With one byte for the lock value and 3 bytes for the tail, only a
  56  * 32-bit word is now needed. Even though we only need 1 bit for the lock,
  57  * we extend it to a full byte to achieve better performance for architectures
  58  * that support atomic byte write.
  59  *
  60  * We also change the first spinner to spin on the lock bit instead of its
  61  * node; whereby avoiding the need to carry a node from lock to unlock, and
  62  * preserving existing lock API. This also makes the unlock code simpler and
  63  * faster.
  64  *
  65  * N.B. The current implementation only supports architectures that allow
  66  *      atomic operations on smaller 8-bit and 16-bit data types.
  67  *
  68  */
  69
  70 #include "mcs_spinlock.h"
  71
  72 #ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
  73 #define MAX_NODES       8
  74 #else
  75 #define MAX_NODES       4
  76 #endif
  77
  78 /*
  79  * Per-CPU queue node structures; we can never have more than 4 nested
  80  * contexts: task, softirq, hardirq, nmi.
  81  *
  82  * Exactly fits one 64-byte cacheline on a 64-bit architecture.
  83  *
  84  * PV doubles the storage and uses the second cacheline for PV state.
  85  */
  86 static DEFINE_PER_CPU_ALIGNED(struct mcs_spinlock, mcs_nodes[MAX_NODES]);
  87
  88 /*
  89  * We must be able to distinguish between no-tail and the tail at 0:0,
  90  * therefore increment the cpu number by one.
  91  */
  92
  93 static inline u32 encode_tail(int cpu, int idx)
  94 {
  95         u32 tail;
  96
  97 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_SPINLOCK
  98         BUG_ON(idx > 3);
  99 #endif
 100         tail  = (cpu + 1) << _Q_TAIL_CPU_OFFSET;
 101         tail |= idx << _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET; /* assume < 4 */
 102
 103         return tail;
 104 }
 105
 106 static inline struct mcs_spinlock *decode_tail(u32 tail)
 107 {
 108         int cpu = (tail >> _Q_TAIL_CPU_OFFSET) - 1;
 109         int idx = (tail &  _Q_TAIL_IDX_MASK) >> _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET;
 110
 111         return per_cpu_ptr(&mcs_nodes[idx], cpu);
 112 }
 113
 114 #define _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK (_Q_LOCKED_MASK | _Q_PENDING_MASK)
 115
 116 /*
 117  * By using the whole 2nd least significant byte for the pending bit, we
 118  * can allow better optimization of the lock acquisition for the pending
 119  * bit holder.
 120  *
 121  * This internal structure is also used by the set_locked function which
 122  * is not restricted to _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8.
 123  */
 124 struct __qspinlock {
 125         union {
 126                 atomic_t val;
 127 #ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN
 128                 struct {
 129                         u8      locked;
 130                         u8      pending;
 131                 };
 132                 struct {
 133                         u16     locked_pending;
 134                         u16     tail;
 135                 };
 136 #else
 137                 struct {
 138                         u16     tail;
 139                         u16     locked_pending;
 140                 };
 141                 struct {
 142                         u8      reserved[2];
 143                         u8      pending;
 144                         u8      locked;
 145                 };
 146 #endif
 147         };
 148 };
 149
 150 #if _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8
 151 /**
 152  * clear_pending_set_locked - take ownership and clear the pending bit.
 153  * @lock: Pointer to queued spinlock structure
 154  *
 155  * *,1,0 -> *,0,1
 156  *
 157  * Lock stealing is not allowed if this function is used.
 158  */
 159 static __always_inline void clear_pending_set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock)
 160 {
 161         struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
 162
 163         WRITE_ONCE(l->locked_pending, _Q_LOCKED_VAL);
 164 }
 165
 166 /*
 167  * xchg_tail - Put in the new queue tail code word & retrieve previous one
 168  * @lock : Pointer to queued spinlock structure
 169  * @tail : The new queue tail code word
 170  * Return: The previous queue tail code word
 171  *
 172  * xchg(lock, tail)
 173  *
 174  * p,*,* -> n,*,* ; prev = xchg(lock, node)
 175  */
 176 static __always_inline u32 xchg_tail(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 tail)
 177 {
 178         struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
 179
 180         /*
 181          * Use release semantics to make sure that the MCS node is properly
 182          * initialized before changing the tail code.
 183          */
 184         return (u32)xchg_release(&l->tail,
 185                                  tail >> _Q_TAIL_OFFSET) << _Q_TAIL_OFFSET;
 186 }
 187
 188 #else /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
 189
 190 /**
 191  * clear_pending_set_locked - take ownership and clear the pending bit.
 192  * @lock: Pointer to queued spinlock structure
 193  *
 194  * *,1,0 -> *,0,1
 195  */
 196 static __always_inline void clear_pending_set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock)
 197 {
 198         atomic_add(-_Q_PENDING_VAL + _Q_LOCKED_VAL, &lock->val);
 199 }
 200
 201 /**
 202  * xchg_tail - Put in the new queue tail code word & retrieve previous one
 203  * @lock : Pointer to queued spinlock structure
 204  * @tail : The new queue tail code word
 205  * Return: The previous queue tail code word
 206  *
 207  * xchg(lock, tail)
 208  *
 209  * p,*,* -> n,*,* ; prev = xchg(lock, node)
 210  */
 211 static __always_inline u32 xchg_tail(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 tail)
 212 {
 213         u32 old, new, val = atomic_read(&lock->val);
 214
 215         for (;;) {
 216                 new = (val & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) | tail;
 217                 /*
 218                  * Use release semantics to make sure that the MCS node is
 219                  * properly initialized before changing the tail code.
 220                  */
 221                 old = atomic_cmpxchg_release(&lock->val, val, new);
 222                 if (old == val)
 223                         break;
 224
 225                 val = old;
 226         }
 227         return old;
 228 }
 229 #endif /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
 230
 231 /**
 232  * set_locked - Set the lock bit and own the lock
 233  * @lock: Pointer to queued spinlock structure
 234  *
 235  * *,*,0 -> *,0,1
 236  */
 237 static __always_inline void set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock)
 238 {
 239         struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
 240
 241         WRITE_ONCE(l->locked, _Q_LOCKED_VAL);
 242 }
 243
 244
 245 /*
 246  * Generate the native code for queued_spin_unlock_slowpath(); provide NOPs for
 247  * all the PV callbacks.
 248  */
 249
 250 static __always_inline void __pv_init_node(struct mcs_spinlock *node) { }
 251 static __always_inline void __pv_wait_node(struct mcs_spinlock *node,
 252                                            struct mcs_spinlock *prev) { }
 253 static __always_inline void __pv_kick_node(struct qspinlock *lock,
 254                                            struct mcs_spinlock *node) { }
 255 static __always_inline u32  __pv_wait_head_or_lock(struct qspinlock *lock,
 256                                                    struct mcs_spinlock *node)
 257                                                    { return 0; }
 258
 259 #define pv_enabled()            false
 260
 261 #define pv_init_node            __pv_init_node
 262 #define pv_wait_node            __pv_wait_node
 263 #define pv_kick_node            __pv_kick_node
 264 #define pv_wait_head_or_lock    __pv_wait_head_or_lock
 265
 266 #ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
 267 #define queued_spin_lock_slowpath       native_queued_spin_lock_slowpath
 268 #endif
 269
 270 #endif /* _GEN_PV_LOCK_SLOWPATH */
 271
 272 /**
 273  * queued_spin_lock_slowpath - acquire the queued spinlock
 274  * @lock: Pointer to queued spinlock structure
 275  * @val: Current value of the queued spinlock 32-bit word
 276  *
 277  * (queue tail, pending bit, lock value)
 278  *
 279  *              fast     :    slow                                  :    unlock
 280  *                       :                                          :
 281  * uncontended  (0,0,0) -:--> (0,0,1) ------------------------------:--> (*,*,0)
 282  *                       :       | ^--------.------.             /  :
 283  *                       :       v           \      \            |  :
 284  * pending               :    (0,1,1) +--> (0,1,0)   \           |  :
 285  *                       :       | ^--'              |           |  :
 286  *                       :       v                   |           |  :
 287  * uncontended           :    (n,x,y) +--> (n,0,0) --'           |  :
 288  *   queue               :       | ^--'                          |  :
 289  *                       :       v                               |  :
 290  * contended             :    (*,x,y) +--> (*,0,0) ---> (*,0,1) -'  :
 291  *   queue               :         ^--'                             :
 292  */
 293 void queued_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val)
 294 {
 295         struct mcs_spinlock *prev, *next, *node;
 296         u32 new, old, tail;
 297         int idx;
 298
 299         BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_NR_CPUS >= (1U << _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS));
 300
 301         if (pv_enabled())
 302                 goto queue;
 303
 304         if (virt_spin_lock(lock))
 305                 return;
 306
 307         /*
 308          * wait for in-progress pending->locked hand-overs
 309          *
 310          * 0,1,0 -> 0,0,1
 311          */
 312         if (val == _Q_PENDING_VAL) {
 313                 while ((val = atomic_read(&lock->val)) == _Q_PENDING_VAL)
 314                         cpu_relax();
 315         }
 316
 317         /*
 318          * trylock || pending
 319          *
 320          * 0,0,0 -> 0,0,1 ; trylock
 321          * 0,0,1 -> 0,1,1 ; pending
 322          */
 323         for (;;) {
 324                 /*
 325                  * If we observe any contention; queue.
 326                  */
 327                 if (val & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK)
 328                         goto queue;
 329
 330                 new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
 331                 if (val == new)
 332                         new |= _Q_PENDING_VAL;
 333
 334                 /*
 335                  * Acquire semantic is required here as the function may
 336                  * return immediately if the lock was free.
 337                  */
 338                 old = atomic_cmpxchg_acquire(&lock->val, val, new);
 339                 if (old == val)
 340                         break;
 341
 342                 val = old;
 343         }
 344
 345         /*
 346          * we won the trylock
 347          */
 348         if (new == _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
 349                 return;
 350
 351         /*
 352          * we're pending, wait for the owner to go away.
 353          *
 354          * *,1,1 -> *,1,0
 355          *
 356          * this wait loop must be a load-acquire such that we match the
 357          * store-release that clears the locked bit and create lock
 358          * sequentiality; this is because not all clear_pending_set_locked()
 359          * implementations imply full barriers.
 360          */
 361         while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter)) & _Q_LOCKED_MASK)
 362                 cpu_relax();
 363
 364         /*
 365          * take ownership and clear the pending bit.
 366          *
 367          * *,1,0 -> *,0,1
 368          */
 369         clear_pending_set_locked(lock);
 370         return;
 371
 372         /*
 373          * End of pending bit optimistic spinning and beginning of MCS
 374          * queuing.
 375          */
 376 queue:
 377         node = this_cpu_ptr(&mcs_nodes[0]);
 378         idx = node->count++;
 379         tail = encode_tail(smp_processor_id(), idx);
 380
 381         node += idx;
 382         node->locked = 0;
 383         node->next = NULL;
 384         pv_init_node(node);
 385
 386         /*
 387          * We touched a (possibly) cold cacheline in the per-cpu queue node;
 388          * attempt the trylock once more in the hope someone let go while we
 389          * weren't watching.
 390          */
 391         if (queued_spin_trylock(lock))
 392                 goto release;
 393
 394         /*
 395          * We have already touched the queueing cacheline; don't bother with
 396          * pending stuff.
 397          *
 398          * p,*,* -> n,*,*
 399          */
 400         old = xchg_tail(lock, tail);
 401         next = NULL;
 402
 403         /*
 404          * if there was a previous node; link it and wait until reaching the
 405          * head of the waitqueue.
 406          */
 407         if (old & _Q_TAIL_MASK) {
 408                 prev = decode_tail(old);
 409                 WRITE_ONCE(prev->next, node);
 410
 411                 pv_wait_node(node, prev);
 412                 arch_mcs_spin_lock_contended(&node->locked);
 413
 414                 /*
 415                  * While waiting for the MCS lock, the next pointer may have
 416                  * been set by another lock waiter. We optimistically load
 417                  * the next pointer & prefetch the cacheline for writing
 418                  * to reduce latency in the upcoming MCS unlock operation.
 419                  */
 420                 next = READ_ONCE(node->next);
 421                 if (next)
 422                         prefetchw(next);
 423         }
 424
 425         /*
 426          * we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner & pending to
 427          * go away.
 428          *
 429          * *,x,y -> *,0,0
 430          *
 431          * this wait loop must use a load-acquire such that we match the
 432          * store-release that clears the locked bit and create lock
 433          * sequentiality; this is because the set_locked() function below
 434          * does not imply a full barrier.
 435          *
 436          * The PV pv_wait_head_or_lock function, if active, will acquire
 437          * the lock and return a non-zero value. So we have to skip the
 438          * smp_load_acquire() call. As the next PV queue head hasn't been
 439          * designated yet, there is no way for the locked value to become
 440          * _Q_SLOW_VAL. So both the set_locked() and the
 441          * atomic_cmpxchg_relaxed() calls will be safe.
 442          *
 443          * If PV isn't active, 0 will be returned instead.
 444          *
 445          */
 446         if ((val = pv_wait_head_or_lock(lock, node)))
 447                 goto locked;
 448
 449         smp_cond_acquire(!((val = atomic_read(&lock->val)) & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK));
 450
 451 locked:
 452         /*
 453          * claim the lock:
 454          *
 455          * n,0,0 -> 0,0,1 : lock, uncontended
 456          * *,0,0 -> *,0,1 : lock, contended
 457          *
 458          * If the queue head is the only one in the queue (lock value == tail),
 459          * clear the tail code and grab the lock. Otherwise, we only need
 460          * to grab the lock.
 461          */
 462         for (;;) {
 463                 /* In the PV case we might already have _Q_LOCKED_VAL set */
 464                 if ((val & _Q_TAIL_MASK) != tail) {
 465                         set_locked(lock);
 466                         break;
 467                 }
 468                 /*
 469                  * The smp_load_acquire() call above has provided the necessary
 470                  * acquire semantics required for locking. At most two
 471                  * iterations of this loop may be ran.
 472                  */
 473                 old = atomic_cmpxchg_relaxed(&lock->val, val, _Q_LOCKED_VAL);
 474                 if (old == val)
 475                         goto release;   /* No contention */
 476
 477                 val = old;
 478         }
 479
 480         /*
 481          * contended path; wait for next if not observed yet, release.
 482          */
 483         if (!next) {
 484                 while (!(next = READ_ONCE(node->next)))
 485                         cpu_relax();
 486         }
 487
 488         arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contended(&next->locked);
 489         pv_kick_node(lock, next);
 490
 491 release:
 492         /*
 493          * release the node
 494          */
 495         this_cpu_dec(mcs_nodes[0].count);
 496 }
 497 EXPORT_SYMBOL(queued_spin_lock_slowpath);
 498
 499 /*
 500  * Generate the paravirt code for queued_spin_unlock_slowpath().
 501  */
 502 #if !defined(_GEN_PV_LOCK_SLOWPATH) && defined(CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS)
 503 #define _GEN_PV_LOCK_SLOWPATH
 504
 505 #undef  pv_enabled
 506 #define pv_enabled()    true
 507
 508 #undef pv_init_node
 509 #undef pv_wait_node
 510 #undef pv_kick_node
 511 #undef pv_wait_head_or_lock
 512
 513 #undef  queued_spin_lock_slowpath
 514 #define queued_spin_lock_slowpath       __pv_queued_spin_lock_slowpath
 515
 516 #include "qspinlock_paravirt.h"
 517 #include "qspinlock.c"
 518
 519 #endif