4 The Linux kernel uses `Sphinx`_ to generate pretty documentation from
5 `reStructuredText`_ files under ``Documentation``. To build the documentation in
6 HTML or PDF formats, use ``make htmldocs`` or ``make pdfdocs``. The generated
7 documentation is placed in ``Documentation/output``.
9 .. _Sphinx: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/
10 .. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
12 The reStructuredText files may contain directives to include structured
13 documentation comments, or kernel-doc comments, from source files. Usually these
14 are used to describe the functions and types and design of the code. The
15 kernel-doc comments have some special structure and formatting, but beyond that
16 they are also treated as reStructuredText.
18 There is also the deprecated DocBook toolchain to generate documentation from
19 DocBook XML template files under ``Documentation/DocBook``. The DocBook files
20 are to be converted to reStructuredText, and the toolchain is slated to be
23 Finally, there are thousands of plain text documentation files scattered around
24 ``Documentation``. Some of these will likely be converted to reStructuredText
25 over time, but the bulk of them will remain in plain text.
30 The usual way to generate the documentation is to run ``make htmldocs`` or
31 ``make pdfdocs``. There are also other formats available, see the documentation
32 section of ``make help``. The generated documentation is placed in
33 format-specific subdirectories under ``Documentation/output``.
35 To generate documentation, Sphinx (``sphinx-build``) must obviously be
36 installed. For prettier HTML output, the Read the Docs Sphinx theme
37 (``sphinx_rtd_theme``) is used if available. For PDF output, ``rst2pdf`` is also
38 needed. All of these are widely available and packaged in distributions.
40 To pass extra options to Sphinx, you can use the ``SPHINXOPTS`` make
41 variable. For example, use ``make SPHINXOPTS=-v htmldocs`` to get more verbose
44 To remove the generated documentation, run ``make cleandocs``.
49 Adding new documentation can be as simple as:
51 1. Add a new ``.rst`` file somewhere under ``Documentation``.
52 2. Refer to it from the Sphinx main `TOC tree`_ in ``Documentation/index.rst``.
54 .. _TOC tree: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/markup/toctree.html
56 This is usually good enough for simple documentation (like the one you're
57 reading right now), but for larger documents it may be advisable to create a
58 subdirectory (or use an existing one). For example, the graphics subsystem
59 documentation is under ``Documentation/gpu``, split to several ``.rst`` files,
60 and has a separate ``index.rst`` (with a ``toctree`` of its own) referenced from
63 See the documentation for `Sphinx`_ and `reStructuredText`_ on what you can do
64 with them. In particular, the Sphinx `reStructuredText Primer`_ is a good place
65 to get started with reStructuredText. There are also some `Sphinx specific
68 .. _reStructuredText Primer: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/rest.html
69 .. _Sphinx specific markup constructs: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/markup/index.html
71 Specific guidelines for the kernel documentation
72 ------------------------------------------------
74 Here are some specific guidelines for the kernel documentation:
76 * Please don't go overboard with reStructuredText markup. Keep it simple.
78 * Please stick to this order of heading adornments:
80 1. ``=`` with overline for document title::
86 2. ``=`` for chapters::
91 3. ``-`` for sections::
96 4. ``~`` for subsections::
101 Although RST doesn't mandate a specific order ("Rather than imposing a fixed
102 number and order of section title adornment styles, the order enforced will be
103 the order as encountered."), having the higher levels the same overall makes
104 it easier to follow the documents.
110 The `Sphinx C Domain`_ (name c) is suited for documentation of C API. E.g. a
115 .. c:function:: int ioctl( int fd, int request )
117 The C domain of the kernel-doc has some additional features. E.g. you can
118 *rename* the reference name of a function with a common name like ``open`` or
123 .. c:function:: int ioctl( int fd, int request )
124 :name: VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS
126 The func-name (e.g. ioctl) remains in the output but the ref-name changed from
127 ``ioctl`` to ``VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS``. The index entry for this function is also
128 changed to ``VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS`` and the function can now referenced by:
132 :c:func:`VIDIOC_LOG_STATUS`
138 We recommend the use of *list table* formats. The *list table* formats are
139 double-stage lists. Compared to the ASCII-art they might not be as
141 readers of the text files. Their advantage is that they are easy to
142 create or modify and that the diff of a modification is much more meaningful,
143 because it is limited to the modified content.
145 The ``flat-table`` is a double-stage list similar to the ``list-table`` with
146 some additional features:
148 * column-span: with the role ``cspan`` a cell can be extended through
151 * row-span: with the role ``rspan`` a cell can be extended through
154 * auto span rightmost cell of a table row over the missing cells on the right
155 side of that table-row. With Option ``:fill-cells:`` this behavior can
156 changed from *auto span* to *auto fill*, which automatically inserts (empty)
157 cells instead of spanning the last cell.
161 * ``:header-rows:`` [int] count of header rows
162 * ``:stub-columns:`` [int] count of stub columns
163 * ``:widths:`` [[int] [int] ... ] widths of columns
164 * ``:fill-cells:`` instead of auto-spanning missing cells, insert missing cells
168 * ``:cspan:`` [int] additional columns (*morecols*)
169 * ``:rspan:`` [int] additional rows (*morerows*)
171 The example below shows how to use this markup. The first level of the staged
172 list is the *table-row*. In the *table-row* there is only one markup allowed,
173 the list of the cells in this *table-row*. Exceptions are *comments* ( ``..`` )
174 and *targets* (e.g. a ref to ``:ref:`last row <last row>``` / :ref:`last row
179 .. flat-table:: table title
189 - field 1.2 with autospan
193 - :rspan:`1` :cspan:`1` field 2.2 - 3.3
201 .. flat-table:: table title
211 - field 1.2 with autospan
215 - :rspan:`1` :cspan:`1` field 2.2 - 3.3