1 Kernel Memory Leak Detector
2 ===========================
4 Kmemleak provides a way of detecting possible kernel memory leaks in a
5 way similar to a `tracing garbage collector
6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection>`_,
7 with the difference that the orphan objects are not freed but only
8 reported via /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak. A similar method is used by the
9 Valgrind tool (``memcheck --leak-check``) to detect the memory leaks in
10 user-space applications.
15 CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK in "Kernel hacking" has to be enabled. A kernel
16 thread scans the memory every 10 minutes (by default) and prints the
17 number of new unreferenced objects found. If the ``debugfs`` isn't already
20 # mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug/
22 To display the details of all the possible scanned memory leaks::
24 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
26 To trigger an intermediate memory scan::
28 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
30 To clear the list of all current possible memory leaks::
32 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
34 New leaks will then come up upon reading ``/sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak``
37 Note that the orphan objects are listed in the order they were allocated
38 and one object at the beginning of the list may cause other subsequent
39 objects to be reported as orphan.
41 Memory scanning parameters can be modified at run-time by writing to the
42 ``/sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak`` file. The following parameters are supported:
45 disable kmemleak (irreversible)
47 enable the task stacks scanning (default)
49 disable the tasks stacks scanning
51 start the automatic memory scanning thread (default)
53 stop the automatic memory scanning thread
55 set the automatic memory scanning period in seconds
56 (default 600, 0 to stop the automatic scanning)
60 clear list of current memory leak suspects, done by
61 marking all current reported unreferenced objects grey,
62 or free all kmemleak objects if kmemleak has been disabled.
64 dump information about the object found at <addr>
66 Kmemleak can also be disabled at boot-time by passing ``kmemleak=off`` on
67 the kernel command line.
69 Memory may be allocated or freed before kmemleak is initialised and
70 these actions are stored in an early log buffer. The size of this buffer
71 is configured via the CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_MEM_POOL_SIZE option.
73 If CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF are enabled, the kmemleak is
74 disabled by default. Passing ``kmemleak=on`` on the kernel command
75 line enables the function.
77 If you are getting errors like "Error while writing to stdout" or "write_loop:
78 Invalid argument", make sure kmemleak is properly enabled.
83 The memory allocations via :c:func:`kmalloc`, :c:func:`vmalloc`,
84 :c:func:`kmem_cache_alloc` and
85 friends are traced and the pointers, together with additional
86 information like size and stack trace, are stored in a rbtree.
87 The corresponding freeing function calls are tracked and the pointers
88 removed from the kmemleak data structures.
90 An allocated block of memory is considered orphan if no pointer to its
91 start address or to any location inside the block can be found by
92 scanning the memory (including saved registers). This means that there
93 might be no way for the kernel to pass the address of the allocated
94 block to a freeing function and therefore the block is considered a
97 The scanning algorithm steps:
99 1. mark all objects as white (remaining white objects will later be
101 2. scan the memory starting with the data section and stacks, checking
102 the values against the addresses stored in the rbtree. If
103 a pointer to a white object is found, the object is added to the
105 3. scan the gray objects for matching addresses (some white objects
106 can become gray and added at the end of the gray list) until the
108 4. the remaining white objects are considered orphan and reported via
109 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
111 Some allocated memory blocks have pointers stored in the kernel's
112 internal data structures and they cannot be detected as orphans. To
113 avoid this, kmemleak can also store the number of values pointing to an
114 address inside the block address range that need to be found so that the
115 block is not considered a leak. One example is __vmalloc().
117 Testing specific sections with kmemleak
118 ---------------------------------------
120 Upon initial bootup your /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output page may be
121 quite extensive. This can also be the case if you have very buggy code
122 when doing development. To work around these situations you can use the
123 'clear' command to clear all reported unreferenced objects from the
124 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output. By issuing a 'scan' after a 'clear'
125 you can find new unreferenced objects; this should help with testing
126 specific sections of code.
128 To test a critical section on demand with a clean kmemleak do::
130 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
131 ... test your kernel or modules ...
132 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
134 Then as usual to get your report with::
136 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
138 Freeing kmemleak internal objects
139 ---------------------------------
141 To allow access to previously found memory leaks after kmemleak has been
142 disabled by the user or due to an fatal error, internal kmemleak objects
143 won't be freed when kmemleak is disabled, and those objects may occupy
144 a large part of physical memory.
146 In this situation, you may reclaim memory with::
148 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
153 See the include/linux/kmemleak.h header for the functions prototype.
155 - ``kmemleak_init`` - initialize kmemleak
156 - ``kmemleak_alloc`` - notify of a memory block allocation
157 - ``kmemleak_alloc_percpu`` - notify of a percpu memory block allocation
158 - ``kmemleak_vmalloc`` - notify of a vmalloc() memory allocation
159 - ``kmemleak_free`` - notify of a memory block freeing
160 - ``kmemleak_free_part`` - notify of a partial memory block freeing
161 - ``kmemleak_free_percpu`` - notify of a percpu memory block freeing
162 - ``kmemleak_update_trace`` - update object allocation stack trace
163 - ``kmemleak_not_leak`` - mark an object as not a leak
164 - ``kmemleak_ignore`` - do not scan or report an object as leak
165 - ``kmemleak_scan_area`` - add scan areas inside a memory block
166 - ``kmemleak_no_scan`` - do not scan a memory block
167 - ``kmemleak_erase`` - erase an old value in a pointer variable
168 - ``kmemleak_alloc_recursive`` - as kmemleak_alloc but checks the recursiveness
169 - ``kmemleak_free_recursive`` - as kmemleak_free but checks the recursiveness
171 The following functions take a physical address as the object pointer
172 and only perform the corresponding action if the address has a lowmem
175 - ``kmemleak_alloc_phys``
176 - ``kmemleak_free_part_phys``
177 - ``kmemleak_not_leak_phys``
178 - ``kmemleak_ignore_phys``
180 Dealing with false positives/negatives
181 --------------------------------------
183 The false negatives are real memory leaks (orphan objects) but not
184 reported by kmemleak because values found during the memory scanning
185 point to such objects. To reduce the number of false negatives, kmemleak
186 provides the kmemleak_ignore, kmemleak_scan_area, kmemleak_no_scan and
187 kmemleak_erase functions (see above). The task stacks also increase the
188 amount of false negatives and their scanning is not enabled by default.
190 The false positives are objects wrongly reported as being memory leaks
191 (orphan). For objects known not to be leaks, kmemleak provides the
192 kmemleak_not_leak function. The kmemleak_ignore could also be used if
193 the memory block is known not to contain other pointers and it will no
196 Some of the reported leaks are only transient, especially on SMP
197 systems, because of pointers temporarily stored in CPU registers or
198 stacks. Kmemleak defines MSECS_MIN_AGE (defaulting to 1000) representing
199 the minimum age of an object to be reported as a memory leak.
201 Limitations and Drawbacks
202 -------------------------
204 The main drawback is the reduced performance of memory allocation and
205 freeing. To avoid other penalties, the memory scanning is only performed
206 when the /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file is read. Anyway, this tool is
207 intended for debugging purposes where the performance might not be the
208 most important requirement.
210 To keep the algorithm simple, kmemleak scans for values pointing to any
211 address inside a block's address range. This may lead to an increased
212 number of false negatives. However, it is likely that a real memory leak
213 will eventually become visible.
215 Another source of false negatives is the data stored in non-pointer
216 values. In a future version, kmemleak could only scan the pointer
217 members in the allocated structures. This feature would solve many of
218 the false negative cases described above.
220 The tool can report false positives. These are cases where an allocated
221 block doesn't need to be freed (some cases in the init_call functions),
222 the pointer is calculated by other methods than the usual container_of
223 macro or the pointer is stored in a location not scanned by kmemleak.
225 Page allocations and ioremap are not tracked.
227 Testing with kmemleak-test
228 --------------------------
230 To check if you have all set up to use kmemleak, you can use the kmemleak-test
231 module, a module that deliberately leaks memory. Set CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_TEST
232 as module (it can't be used as bult-in) and boot the kernel with kmemleak
233 enabled. Load the module and perform a scan with::
235 # modprobe kmemleak-test
236 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
238 Note that the you may not get results instantly or on the first scanning. When
239 kmemleak gets results, it'll log ``kmemleak: <count of leaks> new suspected
240 memory leaks``. Then read the file to see then::
242 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
243 unreferenced object 0xffff89862ca702e8 (size 32):
244 comm "modprobe", pid 2088, jiffies 4294680594 (age 375.486s)
245 hex dump (first 32 bytes):
246 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
247 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b a5 kkkkkkkkkkkkkkk.
249 [<00000000e0a73ec7>] 0xffffffffc01d2036
250 [<000000000c5d2a46>] do_one_initcall+0x41/0x1df
251 [<0000000046db7e0a>] do_init_module+0x55/0x200
252 [<00000000542b9814>] load_module+0x203c/0x2480
253 [<00000000c2850256>] __do_sys_finit_module+0xba/0xe0
254 [<000000006564e7ef>] do_syscall_64+0x43/0x110
255 [<000000007c873fa6>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9
258 Removing the module with ``rmmod kmemleak_test`` should also trigger some