1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ===========================
4 Hypercall Op-codes (hcalls)
5 ===========================
10 Virtualization on 64-bit Power Book3S Platforms is based on the PAPR
11 specification [1]_ which describes the run-time environment for a guest
12 operating system and how it should interact with the hypervisor for
13 privileged operations. Currently there are two PAPR compliant hypervisors:
15 - **IBM PowerVM (PHYP)**: IBM's proprietary hypervisor that supports AIX,
16 IBM-i and Linux as supported guests (termed as Logical Partitions
17 or LPARS). It supports the full PAPR specification.
19 - **Qemu/KVM**: Supports PPC64 linux guests running on a PPC64 linux host.
20 Though it only implements a subset of PAPR specification called LoPAPR [2]_.
22 On PPC64 arch a guest kernel running on top of a PAPR hypervisor is called
23 a *pSeries guest*. A pseries guest runs in a supervisor mode (HV=0) and must
24 issue hypercalls to the hypervisor whenever it needs to perform an action
25 that is hypervisor priviledged [3]_ or for other services managed by the
28 Hence a Hypercall (hcall) is essentially a request by the pseries guest
29 asking hypervisor to perform a privileged operation on behalf of the guest. The
30 guest issues a with necessary input operands. The hypervisor after performing
31 the privilege operation returns a status code and output operands back to the
36 The ABI specification for a hcall between a pseries guest and PAPR hypervisor
37 is covered in section 14.5.3 of ref [2]_. Switch to the Hypervisor context is
38 done via the instruction **HVCS** that expects the Opcode for hcall is set in *r3*
39 and any in-arguments for the hcall are provided in registers *r4-r12*. If values
40 have to be passed through a memory buffer, the data stored in that buffer should be
41 in Big-endian byte order.
43 Once control is returns back to the guest after hypervisor has serviced the
44 'HVCS' instruction the return value of the hcall is available in *r3* and any
45 out values are returned in registers *r4-r12*. Again like in case of in-arguments,
46 any out values stored in a memory buffer will be in Big-endian byte order.
48 Powerpc arch code provides convenient wrappers named **plpar_hcall_xxx** defined
49 in a arch specific header [4]_ to issue hcalls from the linux kernel
50 running as pseries guest.
55 Any hcall should follow same register convention as described in section 2.2.1.1
56 of "64-Bit ELF V2 ABI Specification: Power Architecture"[5]_. Table below
57 summarizes these conventions:
59 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
60 | Register |Volatile | Purpose |
62 +==========+==========+===========================================+
63 | r0 | Y | Optional-usage |
64 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
65 | r1 | N | Stack Pointer |
66 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
68 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
69 | r3 | Y | hcall opcode/return value |
70 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
71 | r4-r10 | Y | in and out values |
72 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
73 | r11 | Y | Optional-usage/Environmental pointer |
74 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
75 | r12 | Y | Optional-usage/Function entry address at |
76 | | | global entry point |
77 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
78 | r13 | N | Thread-Pointer |
79 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
80 | r14-r31 | N | Local Variables |
81 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
82 | LR | Y | Link Register |
83 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
84 | CTR | Y | Loop Counter |
85 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
86 | XER | Y | Fixed-point exception register. |
87 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
88 | CR0-1 | Y | Condition register fields. |
89 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
90 | CR2-4 | N | Condition register fields. |
91 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
92 | CR5-7 | Y | Condition register fields. |
93 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
95 +----------+----------+-------------------------------------------+
102 +--+ +------------+ +---------+
103 | | <----> | | | User |
104 +--+ DRC1 | | DRC | Space |
105 | PAPR | Index +---------+
106 DR2 | Hypervisor | | |
107 +--+ | | <-----> | Kernel |
108 | | <----> | | Hcall | |
109 +--+ DRC2 +------------+ +---------+
111 PAPR hypervisor terms shared hardware resources like PCI devices, NVDIMMs etc
112 available for use by LPARs as Dynamic Resource (DR). When a DR is allocated to
113 an LPAR, PHYP creates a data-structure called Dynamic Resource Connector (DRC)
114 to manage LPAR access. An LPAR refers to a DRC via an opaque 32-bit number
115 called DRC-Index. The DRC-index value is provided to the LPAR via device-tree
116 where its present as an attribute in the device tree node associated with the
122 After servicing the hcall, hypervisor sets the return-value in *r3* indicating
123 success or failure of the hcall. In case of a failure an error code indicates
124 the cause for error. These codes are defined and documented in arch specific
127 In some cases a hcall can potentially take a long time and need to be issued
128 multiple times in order to be completely serviced. These hcalls will usually
129 accept an opaque value *continue-token* within there argument list and a
130 return value of *H_CONTINUE* indicates that hypervisor hasn't still finished
131 servicing the hcall yet.
133 To make such hcalls the guest need to set *continue-token == 0* for the
134 initial call and use the hypervisor returned value of *continue-token*
135 for each subsequent hcall until hypervisor returns a non *H_CONTINUE*
141 Below is a partial list of HCALLs that are supported by PHYP. For the
142 corresponding opcode values please look into the arch specific header [4]_:
144 **H_SCM_READ_METADATA**
146 | Input: *drcIndex, offset, buffer-address, numBytesToRead*
147 | Out: *numBytesRead*
148 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_P2, H_P3, H_Hardware*
150 Given a DRC Index of an NVDIMM, read N-bytes from the the metadata area
151 associated with it, at a specified offset and copy it to provided buffer.
152 The metadata area stores configuration information such as label information,
153 bad-blocks etc. The metadata area is located out-of-band of NVDIMM storage
154 area hence a separate access semantics is provided.
156 **H_SCM_WRITE_METADATA**
158 | Input: *drcIndex, offset, data, numBytesToWrite*
160 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_P2, H_P4, H_Hardware*
162 Given a DRC Index of an NVDIMM, write N-bytes to the metadata area
163 associated with it, at the specified offset and from the provided buffer.
167 | Input: *drcIndex, startingScmBlockIndex, numScmBlocksToBind,*
168 | *targetLogicalMemoryAddress, continue-token*
169 | Out: *continue-token, targetLogicalMemoryAddress, numScmBlocksToBound*
170 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_P2, H_P3, H_P4, H_Overlap,*
171 | *H_Too_Big, H_P5, H_Busy*
173 Given a DRC-Index of an NVDIMM, map a continuous SCM blocks range
174 *(startingScmBlockIndex, startingScmBlockIndex+numScmBlocksToBind)* to the guest
175 at *targetLogicalMemoryAddress* within guest physical address space. In
176 case *targetLogicalMemoryAddress == 0xFFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF* then hypervisor
177 assigns a target address to the guest. The HCALL can fail if the Guest has
178 an active PTE entry to the SCM block being bound.
181 | Input: drcIndex, startingScmLogicalMemoryAddress, numScmBlocksToUnbind
182 | Out: numScmBlocksUnbound
183 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_P2, H_P3, H_In_Use, H_Overlap,*
184 | *H_Busy, H_LongBusyOrder1mSec, H_LongBusyOrder10mSec*
186 Given a DRC-Index of an NVDimm, unmap *numScmBlocksToUnbind* SCM blocks starting
187 at *startingScmLogicalMemoryAddress* from guest physical address space. The
188 HCALL can fail if the Guest has an active PTE entry to the SCM block being
191 **H_SCM_QUERY_BLOCK_MEM_BINDING**
193 | Input: *drcIndex, scmBlockIndex*
194 | Out: *Guest-Physical-Address*
195 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_P2, H_NotFound*
197 Given a DRC-Index and an SCM Block index return the guest physical address to
198 which the SCM block is mapped to.
200 **H_SCM_QUERY_LOGICAL_MEM_BINDING**
202 | Input: *Guest-Physical-Address*
203 | Out: *drcIndex, scmBlockIndex*
204 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_P2, H_NotFound*
206 Given a guest physical address return which DRC Index and SCM block is mapped
211 | Input: *scmTargetScope, drcIndex*
213 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_P2, H_P3, H_In_Use, H_Busy,*
214 | *H_LongBusyOrder1mSec, H_LongBusyOrder10mSec*
216 Depending on the Target scope unmap all SCM blocks belonging to all NVDIMMs
217 or all SCM blocks belonging to a single NVDIMM identified by its drcIndex
218 from the LPAR memory.
223 | Out: *health-bitmap (r4), health-bit-valid-bitmap (r5)*
224 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_Hardware*
226 Given a DRC Index return the info on predictive failure and overall health of
227 the PMEM device. The asserted bits in the health-bitmap indicate one or more states
228 (described in table below) of the PMEM device and health-bit-valid-bitmap indicate
229 which bits in health-bitmap are valid. The bits are reported in
230 reverse bit ordering for example a value of 0xC400000000000000
231 indicates bits 0, 1, and 5 are valid.
235 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
237 +======+=======================================================================+
238 | 00 | PMEM device is unable to persist memory contents. |
239 | | If the system is powered down, nothing will be saved. |
240 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
241 | 01 | PMEM device failed to persist memory contents. Either contents were |
242 | | not saved successfully on power down or were not restored properly on |
244 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
245 | 02 | PMEM device contents are persisted from previous IPL. The data from |
246 | | the last boot were successfully restored. |
247 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
248 | 03 | PMEM device contents are not persisted from previous IPL. There was no|
249 | | data to restore from the last boot. |
250 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
251 | 04 | PMEM device memory life remaining is critically low |
252 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
253 | 05 | PMEM device will be garded off next IPL due to failure |
254 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
255 | 06 | PMEM device contents cannot persist due to current platform health |
256 | | status. A hardware failure may prevent data from being saved or |
258 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
259 | 07 | PMEM device is unable to persist memory contents in certain conditions|
260 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
261 | 08 | PMEM device is encrypted |
262 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
263 | 09 | PMEM device has successfully completed a requested erase or secure |
264 | | erase procedure. |
265 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
266 |10:63 | Reserved / Unused |
267 +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
269 **H_SCM_PERFORMANCE_STATS**
271 | Input: drcIndex, resultBuffer Addr
273 | Return Value: *H_Success, H_Parameter, H_Unsupported, H_Hardware, H_Authority, H_Privilege*
275 Given a DRC Index collect the performance statistics for NVDIMM and copy them
280 .. [1] "Power Architecture Platform Reference"
281 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Architecture_Platform_Reference
282 .. [2] "Linux on Power Architecture Platform Reference"
283 https://members.openpowerfoundation.org/document/dl/469
284 .. [3] "Definitions and Notation" Book III-Section 14.5.3
285 https://openpowerfoundation.org/?resource_lib=power-isa-version-3-0
286 .. [4] arch/powerpc/include/asm/hvcall.h
287 .. [5] "64-Bit ELF V2 ABI Specification: Power Architecture"
288 https://openpowerfoundation.org/?resource_lib=64-bit-elf-v2-abi-specification-power-architecture