3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 ****************************
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 4.9 gcc --version
33 GNU make 3.81 make --version
35 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
36 bison 2.0 bison --version
37 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
39 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
40 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
41 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
42 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
43 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
44 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
45 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
46 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
47 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
48 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
49 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
50 oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version
51 udev 081 udevd --version
52 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
53 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
54 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
55 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
56 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
57 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
58 ====================== =============== ========================================
60 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
68 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
74 You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
79 Binutils 2.23 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
84 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
85 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
86 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
87 verified or documented.
92 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
93 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
99 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
100 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
105 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
106 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
111 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
117 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
118 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
120 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
121 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
128 Architectural changes
129 ---------------------
131 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
132 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
134 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
136 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
137 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
138 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
139 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
140 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
141 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
147 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
148 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
149 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
150 You'll probably want to upgrade.
155 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
156 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
157 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
158 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
159 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
160 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
161 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
167 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
168 mkinitrd be upgraded.
173 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
174 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
179 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
180 The following utilities are available:
182 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
183 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
185 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
187 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
192 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
193 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
194 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
195 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
200 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
201 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
202 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
203 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
204 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
209 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
210 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
211 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
217 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
218 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
219 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
220 from the table above.
225 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
226 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
227 udev you may need to::
230 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
231 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
233 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
234 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
239 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
240 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
241 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
247 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
248 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
256 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
257 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
261 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
262 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
263 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
268 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
269 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
270 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
272 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
273 which can be made by::
275 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
282 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
283 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
284 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
285 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
286 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
288 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
289 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
290 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
291 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
293 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
294 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
295 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
296 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
297 currently active clients.
299 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
301 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
303 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
304 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
310 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
311 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
312 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
320 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
321 for details about Sphinx requirements.
323 Getting updated software
324 ========================
332 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
337 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
342 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
347 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
352 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
357 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
365 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
370 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
371 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
376 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
381 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
386 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
387 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
392 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
397 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
402 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
403 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
408 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
413 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
419 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
424 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
429 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
434 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
442 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
443 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
444 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
449 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
454 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
459 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
464 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
469 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
477 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>