1 Open Firmware Device Tree Selftest
2 ----------------------------------
4 Author: Gaurav Minocha <gaurav.minocha.os@gmail.com>
8 This document explains how the test data required for executing OF selftest
9 is attached to the live tree dynamically, independent of the machine's
12 It is recommended to read the following documents before moving ahead.
14 [1] Documentation/devicetree/usage-model.txt
15 [2] http://www.devicetree.org/Device_Tree_Usage
17 OF Selftest has been designed to test the interface (include/linux/of.h)
18 provided to device driver developers to fetch the device information..etc.
19 from the unflattened device tree data structure. This interface is used by
20 most of the device drivers in various use cases.
25 The Device Tree Source file (drivers/of/testcase-data/testcases.dts) contains
26 the test data required for executing the unit tests automated in
27 drivers/of/selftests.c. Currently, following Device Tree Source Include files
28 (.dtsi) are included in testcase.dts:
30 drivers/of/testcase-data/tests-interrupts.dtsi
31 drivers/of/testcase-data/tests-platform.dtsi
32 drivers/of/testcase-data/tests-phandle.dtsi
33 drivers/of/testcase-data/tests-match.dtsi
35 When the kernel is build with OF_SELFTEST enabled, then the following make rule
37 $(obj)/%.dtb: $(src)/%.dts FORCE
38 $(call if_changed_dep, dtc)
40 is used to compile the DT source file (testcase.dts) into a binary blob
41 (testcase.dtb), also referred as flattened DT.
43 After that, using the following rule the binary blob above is wrapped as an
44 assembly file (testcase.dtb.S).
46 $(obj)/%.dtb.S: $(obj)/%.dtb
49 The assembly file is compiled into an object file (testcase.dtb.o), and is
50 linked into the kernel image.
53 2.1. Adding the test data
55 Un-flattened device tree structure:
57 Un-flattened device tree consists of connected device_node(s) in form of a tree
58 structure described below.
60 // following struct members are used to construct the tree
63 struct device_node *parent;
64 struct device_node *child;
65 struct device_node *sibling;
66 struct device_node *allnext; /* next in list of all nodes */
70 Figure 1, describes a generic structure of machine's un-flattened device tree
71 considering only child and sibling pointers. There exists another pointer,
72 *parent, that is used to traverse the tree in the reverse direction. So, at
73 a particular level the child node and all the sibling nodes will have a parent
74 pointer pointing to a common node (e.g. child1, sibling2, sibling3, sibling4's
75 parent points to root node)
79 child1 -> sibling2 -> sibling3 -> sibling4 -> null
83 | | child31 -> sibling32 -> null
87 | child21 -> sibling22 -> sibling23 -> null
91 child11 -> sibling12 -> sibling13 -> sibling14 -> null
95 null null child131 -> null
99 Figure 1: Generic structure of un-flattened device tree
102 *allnext: it is used to link all the nodes of DT into a list. So, for the
103 above tree the list would be as follows:
105 root->child1->child11->sibling12->sibling13->child131->sibling14->sibling2->
106 child21->sibling22->sibling23->sibling3->child31->sibling32->sibling4->null
108 Before executing OF selftest, it is required to attach the test data to
109 machine's device tree (if present). So, when selftest_data_add() is called,
110 at first it reads the flattened device tree data linked into the kernel image
111 via the following kernel symbols:
113 __dtb_testcases_begin - address marking the start of test data blob
114 __dtb_testcases_end - address marking the end of test data blob
116 Secondly, it calls of_fdt_unflatten_tree() to unflatten the flattened
117 blob. And finally, if the machine's device tree (i.e live tree) is present,
118 then it attaches the unflattened test data tree to the live tree, else it
119 attaches itself as a live device tree.
121 attach_node_and_children() uses of_attach_node() to attach the nodes into the
122 live tree as explained below. To explain the same, the test data tree described
123 in Figure 2 is attached to the live tree described in Figure 1.
129 test-child0 -> test-sibling1 -> test-sibling2 -> test-sibling3 -> null
131 test-child01 null null null
136 root->testcase-data->test-child0->test-child01->test-sibling1->test-sibling2
137 ->test-sibling3->null
139 Figure 2: Example test data tree to be attached to live tree.
141 According to the scenario above, the live tree is already present so it isn't
142 required to attach the root('/') node. All other nodes are attached by calling
143 of_attach_node() on each node.
145 In the function of_attach_node(), the new node is attached as the child of the
146 given parent in live tree. But, if parent already has a child then the new node
147 replaces the current child and turns it into its sibling. So, when the testcase
148 data node is attached to the live tree above (Figure 1), the final structure is
149 as shown in Figure 3.
153 testcase-data -> child1 -> sibling2 -> sibling3 -> sibling4 -> null
156 | | child31 -> sibling32 -> null
160 | child21 -> sibling22 -> sibling23 -> null
164 child11 -> sibling12 -> sibling13 -> sibling14 -> null
171 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
175 testcase-data -> child1 -> sibling2 -> sibling3 -> sibling4 -> null
177 | (...) (...) (...) null
179 test-sibling3 -> test-sibling2 -> test-sibling1 -> test-child0 -> null
181 null null null test-child01
184 Figure 3: Live device tree structure after attaching the testcase-data.
187 Astute readers would have noticed that test-child0 node becomes the last
188 sibling compared to the earlier structure (Figure 2). After attaching first
189 test-child0 the test-sibling1 is attached that pushes the child node
190 (i.e. test-child0) to become a sibling and makes itself a child node,
193 If a duplicate node is found (i.e. if a node with same full_name property is
194 already present in the live tree), then the node isn't attached rather its
195 properties are updated to the live tree's node by calling the function
196 update_node_properties().
199 2.2. Removing the test data
201 Once the test case execution is complete, selftest_data_remove is called in
202 order to remove the device nodes attached initially (first the leaf nodes are
203 detached and then moving up the parent nodes are removed, and eventually the
204 whole tree). selftest_data_remove() calls detach_node_and_children() that uses
205 of_detach_node() to detach the nodes from the live device tree.
207 To detach a node, of_detach_node() first updates all_next linked list, by
208 attaching the previous node's allnext to current node's allnext pointer. And
209 then, it either updates the child pointer of given node's parent to its
210 sibling or attaches the previous sibling to the given node's sibling, as
211 appropriate. That is it :)