1 The Kernel Address Sanitizer (KASAN)
2 ====================================
7 KernelAddressSANitizer (KASAN) is a dynamic memory error detector designed to
8 find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs. KASAN has two modes: generic KASAN
9 (similar to userspace ASan) and software tag-based KASAN (similar to userspace
12 KASAN uses compile-time instrumentation to insert validity checks before every
13 memory access, and therefore requires a compiler version that supports that.
15 Generic KASAN is supported in both GCC and Clang. With GCC it requires version
16 4.9.2 or later for basic support and version 5.0 or later for detection of
17 out-of-bounds accesses for stack and global variables and for inline
18 instrumentation mode (see the Usage section). With Clang it requires version
19 7.0.0 or later and it doesn't support detection of out-of-bounds accesses for
22 Tag-based KASAN is only supported in Clang and requires version 7.0.0 or later.
24 Currently generic KASAN is supported for the x86_64, arm64, xtensa and s390
25 architectures, and tag-based KASAN is supported only for arm64.
30 To enable KASAN configure kernel with::
34 and choose between CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC (to enable generic KASAN) and
35 CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS (to enable software tag-based KASAN).
37 You also need to choose between CONFIG_KASAN_OUTLINE and CONFIG_KASAN_INLINE.
38 Outline and inline are compiler instrumentation types. The former produces
39 smaller binary while the latter is 1.1 - 2 times faster.
41 Both KASAN modes work with both SLUB and SLAB memory allocators.
42 For better bug detection and nicer reporting, enable CONFIG_STACKTRACE.
44 To disable instrumentation for specific files or directories, add a line
45 similar to the following to the respective kernel Makefile:
47 - For a single file (e.g. main.o)::
49 KASAN_SANITIZE_main.o := n
51 - For all files in one directory::
58 A typical out-of-bounds access generic KASAN report looks like this::
60 ==================================================================
61 BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in kmalloc_oob_right+0xa8/0xbc [test_kasan]
62 Write of size 1 at addr ffff8801f44ec37b by task insmod/2760
64 CPU: 1 PID: 2760 Comm: insmod Not tainted 4.19.0-rc3+ #698
65 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.10.2-1 04/01/2014
68 print_address_description+0x73/0x280
69 kasan_report+0x144/0x187
70 __asan_report_store1_noabort+0x17/0x20
71 kmalloc_oob_right+0xa8/0xbc [test_kasan]
72 kmalloc_tests_init+0x16/0x700 [test_kasan]
73 do_one_initcall+0xa5/0x3ae
74 do_init_module+0x1b6/0x547
75 load_module+0x75df/0x8070
76 __do_sys_init_module+0x1c6/0x200
77 __x64_sys_init_module+0x6e/0xb0
78 do_syscall_64+0x9f/0x2c0
79 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9
80 RIP: 0033:0x7f96443109da
81 RSP: 002b:00007ffcf0b51b08 EFLAGS: 00000202 ORIG_RAX: 00000000000000af
82 RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 000055dc3ee521a0 RCX: 00007f96443109da
83 RDX: 00007f96445cff88 RSI: 0000000000057a50 RDI: 00007f9644992000
84 RBP: 000055dc3ee510b0 R08: 0000000000000003 R09: 0000000000000000
85 R10: 00007f964430cd0a R11: 0000000000000202 R12: 00007f96445cff88
86 R13: 000055dc3ee51090 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
88 Allocated by task 2760:
90 kasan_kmalloc+0xa7/0xd0
91 kmem_cache_alloc_trace+0xe1/0x1b0
92 kmalloc_oob_right+0x56/0xbc [test_kasan]
93 kmalloc_tests_init+0x16/0x700 [test_kasan]
94 do_one_initcall+0xa5/0x3ae
95 do_init_module+0x1b6/0x547
96 load_module+0x75df/0x8070
97 __do_sys_init_module+0x1c6/0x200
98 __x64_sys_init_module+0x6e/0xb0
99 do_syscall_64+0x9f/0x2c0
100 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9
104 __kasan_slab_free+0x135/0x190
105 kasan_slab_free+0xe/0x10
107 umh_complete+0x6a/0xa0
108 call_usermodehelper_exec_async+0x4c3/0x640
109 ret_from_fork+0x35/0x40
111 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff8801f44ec300
112 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-128 of size 128
113 The buggy address is located 123 bytes inside of
114 128-byte region [ffff8801f44ec300, ffff8801f44ec380)
115 The buggy address belongs to the page:
116 page:ffffea0007d13b00 count:1 mapcount:0 mapping:ffff8801f7001640 index:0x0
117 flags: 0x200000000000100(slab)
118 raw: 0200000000000100 ffffea0007d11dc0 0000001a0000001a ffff8801f7001640
119 raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080150015 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000
120 page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
122 Memory state around the buggy address:
123 ffff8801f44ec200: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
124 ffff8801f44ec280: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
125 >ffff8801f44ec300: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03
127 ffff8801f44ec380: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
128 ffff8801f44ec400: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
129 ==================================================================
131 The header of the report provides a short summary of what kind of bug happened
132 and what kind of access caused it. It's followed by a stack trace of the bad
133 access, a stack trace of where the accessed memory was allocated (in case bad
134 access happens on a slab object), and a stack trace of where the object was
135 freed (in case of a use-after-free bug report). Next comes a description of
136 the accessed slab object and information about the accessed memory page.
138 In the last section the report shows memory state around the accessed address.
139 Reading this part requires some understanding of how KASAN works.
141 The state of each 8 aligned bytes of memory is encoded in one shadow byte.
142 Those 8 bytes can be accessible, partially accessible, freed or be a redzone.
143 We use the following encoding for each shadow byte: 0 means that all 8 bytes
144 of the corresponding memory region are accessible; number N (1 <= N <= 7) means
145 that the first N bytes are accessible, and other (8 - N) bytes are not;
146 any negative value indicates that the entire 8-byte word is inaccessible.
147 We use different negative values to distinguish between different kinds of
148 inaccessible memory like redzones or freed memory (see mm/kasan/kasan.h).
150 In the report above the arrows point to the shadow byte 03, which means that
151 the accessed address is partially accessible.
153 For tag-based KASAN this last report section shows the memory tags around the
154 accessed address (see Implementation details section).
157 Implementation details
158 ----------------------
163 From a high level, our approach to memory error detection is similar to that
164 of kmemcheck: use shadow memory to record whether each byte of memory is safe
165 to access, and use compile-time instrumentation to insert checks of shadow
166 memory on each memory access.
168 Generic KASAN dedicates 1/8th of kernel memory to its shadow memory (e.g. 16TB
169 to cover 128TB on x86_64) and uses direct mapping with a scale and offset to
170 translate a memory address to its corresponding shadow address.
172 Here is the function which translates an address to its corresponding shadow
175 static inline void *kasan_mem_to_shadow(const void *addr)
177 return ((unsigned long)addr >> KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)
178 + KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET;
181 where ``KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT = 3``.
183 Compile-time instrumentation is used to insert memory access checks. Compiler
184 inserts function calls (__asan_load*(addr), __asan_store*(addr)) before each
185 memory access of size 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. These functions check whether memory
186 access is valid or not by checking corresponding shadow memory.
188 GCC 5.0 has possibility to perform inline instrumentation. Instead of making
189 function calls GCC directly inserts the code to check the shadow memory.
190 This option significantly enlarges kernel but it gives x1.1-x2 performance
191 boost over outline instrumented kernel.
193 Software tag-based KASAN
194 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
196 Tag-based KASAN uses the Top Byte Ignore (TBI) feature of modern arm64 CPUs to
197 store a pointer tag in the top byte of kernel pointers. Like generic KASAN it
198 uses shadow memory to store memory tags associated with each 16-byte memory
199 cell (therefore it dedicates 1/16th of the kernel memory for shadow memory).
201 On each memory allocation tag-based KASAN generates a random tag, tags the
202 allocated memory with this tag, and embeds this tag into the returned pointer.
203 Software tag-based KASAN uses compile-time instrumentation to insert checks
204 before each memory access. These checks make sure that tag of the memory that
205 is being accessed is equal to tag of the pointer that is used to access this
206 memory. In case of a tag mismatch tag-based KASAN prints a bug report.
208 Software tag-based KASAN also has two instrumentation modes (outline, that
209 emits callbacks to check memory accesses; and inline, that performs the shadow
210 memory checks inline). With outline instrumentation mode, a bug report is
211 simply printed from the function that performs the access check. With inline
212 instrumentation a brk instruction is emitted by the compiler, and a dedicated
213 brk handler is used to print bug reports.
215 A potential expansion of this mode is a hardware tag-based mode, which would
216 use hardware memory tagging support instead of compiler instrumentation and
217 manual shadow memory manipulation.