1 Kernel Memory Leak Detector
2 ===========================
4 Kmemleak provides a way of detecting possible kernel memory leaks in a
5 way similar to a `tracing garbage collector
6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection>`_,
7 with the difference that the orphan objects are not freed but only
8 reported via /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak. A similar method is used by the
9 Valgrind tool (``memcheck --leak-check``) to detect the memory leaks in
10 user-space applications.
11 Kmemleak is supported on x86, arm, arm64, powerpc, sparc, sh, microblaze, mips,
12 s390, nds32, arc and xtensa.
17 CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK in "Kernel hacking" has to be enabled. A kernel
18 thread scans the memory every 10 minutes (by default) and prints the
19 number of new unreferenced objects found. If the ``debugfs`` isn't already
22 # mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug/
24 To display the details of all the possible scanned memory leaks::
26 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
28 To trigger an intermediate memory scan::
30 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
32 To clear the list of all current possible memory leaks::
34 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
36 New leaks will then come up upon reading ``/sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak``
39 Note that the orphan objects are listed in the order they were allocated
40 and one object at the beginning of the list may cause other subsequent
41 objects to be reported as orphan.
43 Memory scanning parameters can be modified at run-time by writing to the
44 ``/sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak`` file. The following parameters are supported:
47 disable kmemleak (irreversible)
49 enable the task stacks scanning (default)
51 disable the tasks stacks scanning
53 start the automatic memory scanning thread (default)
55 stop the automatic memory scanning thread
57 set the automatic memory scanning period in seconds
58 (default 600, 0 to stop the automatic scanning)
62 clear list of current memory leak suspects, done by
63 marking all current reported unreferenced objects grey,
64 or free all kmemleak objects if kmemleak has been disabled.
66 dump information about the object found at <addr>
68 Kmemleak can also be disabled at boot-time by passing ``kmemleak=off`` on
69 the kernel command line.
71 Memory may be allocated or freed before kmemleak is initialised and
72 these actions are stored in an early log buffer. The size of this buffer
73 is configured via the CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_MEM_POOL_SIZE option.
75 If CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF are enabled, the kmemleak is
76 disabled by default. Passing ``kmemleak=on`` on the kernel command
77 line enables the function.
79 If you are getting errors like "Error while writing to stdout" or "write_loop:
80 Invalid argument", make sure kmemleak is properly enabled.
85 The memory allocations via :c:func:`kmalloc`, :c:func:`vmalloc`,
86 :c:func:`kmem_cache_alloc` and
87 friends are traced and the pointers, together with additional
88 information like size and stack trace, are stored in a rbtree.
89 The corresponding freeing function calls are tracked and the pointers
90 removed from the kmemleak data structures.
92 An allocated block of memory is considered orphan if no pointer to its
93 start address or to any location inside the block can be found by
94 scanning the memory (including saved registers). This means that there
95 might be no way for the kernel to pass the address of the allocated
96 block to a freeing function and therefore the block is considered a
99 The scanning algorithm steps:
101 1. mark all objects as white (remaining white objects will later be
103 2. scan the memory starting with the data section and stacks, checking
104 the values against the addresses stored in the rbtree. If
105 a pointer to a white object is found, the object is added to the
107 3. scan the gray objects for matching addresses (some white objects
108 can become gray and added at the end of the gray list) until the
110 4. the remaining white objects are considered orphan and reported via
111 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
113 Some allocated memory blocks have pointers stored in the kernel's
114 internal data structures and they cannot be detected as orphans. To
115 avoid this, kmemleak can also store the number of values pointing to an
116 address inside the block address range that need to be found so that the
117 block is not considered a leak. One example is __vmalloc().
119 Testing specific sections with kmemleak
120 ---------------------------------------
122 Upon initial bootup your /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output page may be
123 quite extensive. This can also be the case if you have very buggy code
124 when doing development. To work around these situations you can use the
125 'clear' command to clear all reported unreferenced objects from the
126 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak output. By issuing a 'scan' after a 'clear'
127 you can find new unreferenced objects; this should help with testing
128 specific sections of code.
130 To test a critical section on demand with a clean kmemleak do::
132 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
133 ... test your kernel or modules ...
134 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
136 Then as usual to get your report with::
138 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
140 Freeing kmemleak internal objects
141 ---------------------------------
143 To allow access to previously found memory leaks after kmemleak has been
144 disabled by the user or due to an fatal error, internal kmemleak objects
145 won't be freed when kmemleak is disabled, and those objects may occupy
146 a large part of physical memory.
148 In this situation, you may reclaim memory with::
150 # echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
155 See the include/linux/kmemleak.h header for the functions prototype.
157 - ``kmemleak_init`` - initialize kmemleak
158 - ``kmemleak_alloc`` - notify of a memory block allocation
159 - ``kmemleak_alloc_percpu`` - notify of a percpu memory block allocation
160 - ``kmemleak_vmalloc`` - notify of a vmalloc() memory allocation
161 - ``kmemleak_free`` - notify of a memory block freeing
162 - ``kmemleak_free_part`` - notify of a partial memory block freeing
163 - ``kmemleak_free_percpu`` - notify of a percpu memory block freeing
164 - ``kmemleak_update_trace`` - update object allocation stack trace
165 - ``kmemleak_not_leak`` - mark an object as not a leak
166 - ``kmemleak_ignore`` - do not scan or report an object as leak
167 - ``kmemleak_scan_area`` - add scan areas inside a memory block
168 - ``kmemleak_no_scan`` - do not scan a memory block
169 - ``kmemleak_erase`` - erase an old value in a pointer variable
170 - ``kmemleak_alloc_recursive`` - as kmemleak_alloc but checks the recursiveness
171 - ``kmemleak_free_recursive`` - as kmemleak_free but checks the recursiveness
173 The following functions take a physical address as the object pointer
174 and only perform the corresponding action if the address has a lowmem
177 - ``kmemleak_alloc_phys``
178 - ``kmemleak_free_part_phys``
179 - ``kmemleak_not_leak_phys``
180 - ``kmemleak_ignore_phys``
182 Dealing with false positives/negatives
183 --------------------------------------
185 The false negatives are real memory leaks (orphan objects) but not
186 reported by kmemleak because values found during the memory scanning
187 point to such objects. To reduce the number of false negatives, kmemleak
188 provides the kmemleak_ignore, kmemleak_scan_area, kmemleak_no_scan and
189 kmemleak_erase functions (see above). The task stacks also increase the
190 amount of false negatives and their scanning is not enabled by default.
192 The false positives are objects wrongly reported as being memory leaks
193 (orphan). For objects known not to be leaks, kmemleak provides the
194 kmemleak_not_leak function. The kmemleak_ignore could also be used if
195 the memory block is known not to contain other pointers and it will no
198 Some of the reported leaks are only transient, especially on SMP
199 systems, because of pointers temporarily stored in CPU registers or
200 stacks. Kmemleak defines MSECS_MIN_AGE (defaulting to 1000) representing
201 the minimum age of an object to be reported as a memory leak.
203 Limitations and Drawbacks
204 -------------------------
206 The main drawback is the reduced performance of memory allocation and
207 freeing. To avoid other penalties, the memory scanning is only performed
208 when the /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file is read. Anyway, this tool is
209 intended for debugging purposes where the performance might not be the
210 most important requirement.
212 To keep the algorithm simple, kmemleak scans for values pointing to any
213 address inside a block's address range. This may lead to an increased
214 number of false negatives. However, it is likely that a real memory leak
215 will eventually become visible.
217 Another source of false negatives is the data stored in non-pointer
218 values. In a future version, kmemleak could only scan the pointer
219 members in the allocated structures. This feature would solve many of
220 the false negative cases described above.
222 The tool can report false positives. These are cases where an allocated
223 block doesn't need to be freed (some cases in the init_call functions),
224 the pointer is calculated by other methods than the usual container_of
225 macro or the pointer is stored in a location not scanned by kmemleak.
227 Page allocations and ioremap are not tracked.
229 Testing with kmemleak-test
230 --------------------------
232 To check if you have all set up to use kmemleak, you can use the kmemleak-test
233 module, a module that deliberately leaks memory. Set CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_TEST
234 as module (it can't be used as bult-in) and boot the kernel with kmemleak
235 enabled. Load the module and perform a scan with::
237 # modprobe kmemleak-test
238 # echo scan > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
240 Note that the you may not get results instantly or on the first scanning. When
241 kmemleak gets results, it'll log ``kmemleak: <count of leaks> new suspected
242 memory leaks``. Then read the file to see then::
244 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak
245 unreferenced object 0xffff89862ca702e8 (size 32):
246 comm "modprobe", pid 2088, jiffies 4294680594 (age 375.486s)
247 hex dump (first 32 bytes):
248 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
249 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b a5 kkkkkkkkkkkkkkk.
251 [<00000000e0a73ec7>] 0xffffffffc01d2036
252 [<000000000c5d2a46>] do_one_initcall+0x41/0x1df
253 [<0000000046db7e0a>] do_init_module+0x55/0x200
254 [<00000000542b9814>] load_module+0x203c/0x2480
255 [<00000000c2850256>] __do_sys_finit_module+0xba/0xe0
256 [<000000006564e7ef>] do_syscall_64+0x43/0x110
257 [<000000007c873fa6>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9
260 Removing the module with ``rmmod kmemleak_test`` should also trigger some