3 Making Filesystems Exportable
4 =============================
9 All filesystem operations require a dentry (or two) as a starting
10 point. Local applications have a reference-counted hold on suitable
11 dentries via open file descriptors or cwd/root. However remote
12 applications that access a filesystem via a remote filesystem protocol
13 such as NFS may not be able to hold such a reference, and so need a
14 different way to refer to a particular dentry. As the alternative
15 form of reference needs to be stable across renames, truncates, and
16 server-reboot (among other things, though these tend to be the most
17 problematic), there is no simple answer like 'filename'.
19 The mechanism discussed here allows each filesystem implementation to
20 specify how to generate an opaque (outside of the filesystem) byte
21 string for any dentry, and how to find an appropriate dentry for any
22 given opaque byte string.
23 This byte string will be called a "filehandle fragment" as it
24 corresponds to part of an NFS filehandle.
26 A filesystem which supports the mapping between filehandle fragments
27 and dentries will be termed "exportable".
34 The dcache normally contains a proper prefix of any given filesystem
35 tree. This means that if any filesystem object is in the dcache, then
36 all of the ancestors of that filesystem object are also in the dcache.
37 As normal access is by filename this prefix is created naturally and
38 maintained easily (by each object maintaining a reference count on
41 However when objects are included into the dcache by interpreting a
42 filehandle fragment, there is no automatic creation of a path prefix
43 for the object. This leads to two related but distinct features of
44 the dcache that are not needed for normal filesystem access.
46 1. The dcache must sometimes contain objects that are not part of the
47 proper prefix. i.e that are not connected to the root.
48 2. The dcache must be prepared for a newly found (via ->lookup) directory
49 to already have a (non-connected) dentry, and must be able to move
50 that dentry into place (based on the parent and name in the
51 ->lookup). This is particularly needed for directories as
52 it is a dcache invariant that directories only have one dentry.
54 To implement these features, the dcache has:
56 a. A dentry flag DCACHE_DISCONNECTED which is set on
57 any dentry that might not be part of the proper prefix.
58 This is set when anonymous dentries are created, and cleared when a
59 dentry is noticed to be a child of a dentry which is in the proper
60 prefix. If the refcount on a dentry with this flag set
61 becomes zero, the dentry is immediately discarded, rather than being
62 kept in the dcache. If a dentry that is not already in the dcache
63 is repeatedly accessed by filehandle (as NFSD might do), an new dentry
64 will be a allocated for each access, and discarded at the end of
67 Note that such a dentry can acquire children, name, ancestors, etc.
68 without losing DCACHE_DISCONNECTED - that flag is only cleared when
69 subtree is successfully reconnected to root. Until then dentries
70 in such subtree are retained only as long as there are references;
71 refcount reaching zero means immediate eviction, same as for unhashed
72 dentries. That guarantees that we won't need to hunt them down upon
75 b. A primitive for creation of secondary roots - d_obtain_root(inode).
76 Those do _not_ bear DCACHE_DISCONNECTED. They are placed on the
77 per-superblock list (->s_roots), so they can be located at umount
78 time for eviction purposes.
80 c. Helper routines to allocate anonymous dentries, and to help attach
81 loose directory dentries at lookup time. They are:
83 d_obtain_alias(inode) will return a dentry for the given inode.
84 If the inode already has a dentry, one of those is returned.
86 If it doesn't, a new anonymous (IS_ROOT and
87 DCACHE_DISCONNECTED) dentry is allocated and attached.
89 In the case of a directory, care is taken that only one dentry
92 d_splice_alias(inode, dentry) will introduce a new dentry into the tree;
93 either the passed-in dentry or a preexisting alias for the given inode
94 (such as an anonymous one created by d_obtain_alias), if appropriate.
95 It returns NULL when the passed-in dentry is used, following the calling
96 convention of ->lookup.
101 For a filesystem to be exportable it must:
103 1. provide the filehandle fragment routines described below.
104 2. make sure that d_splice_alias is used rather than d_add
105 when ->lookup finds an inode for a given parent and name.
107 If inode is NULL, d_splice_alias(inode, dentry) is equivalent to::
109 d_add(dentry, inode), NULL
111 Similarly, d_splice_alias(ERR_PTR(err), dentry) = ERR_PTR(err)
113 Typically the ->lookup routine will simply end with a::
115 return d_splice_alias(inode, dentry);
120 A file system implementation declares that instances of the filesystem
121 are exportable by setting the s_export_op field in the struct
122 super_block. This field must point to a "struct export_operations"
123 struct which has the following members:
126 Takes a dentry and creates a filehandle fragment which can later be used
127 to find or create a dentry for the same object. The default
128 implementation creates a filehandle fragment that encodes a 32bit inode
129 and generation number for the inode encoded, and if necessary the
130 same information for the parent.
132 fh_to_dentry (mandatory)
133 Given a filehandle fragment, this should find the implied object and
134 create a dentry for it (possibly with d_obtain_alias).
136 fh_to_parent (optional but strongly recommended)
137 Given a filehandle fragment, this should find the parent of the
138 implied object and create a dentry for it (possibly with
139 d_obtain_alias). May fail if the filehandle fragment is too small.
141 get_parent (optional but strongly recommended)
142 When given a dentry for a directory, this should return a dentry for
143 the parent. Quite possibly the parent dentry will have been allocated
144 by d_alloc_anon. The default get_parent function just returns an error
145 so any filehandle lookup that requires finding a parent will fail.
146 ->lookup("..") is *not* used as a default as it can leave ".." entries
147 in the dcache which are too messy to work with.
150 When given a parent dentry and a child dentry, this should find a name
151 in the directory identified by the parent dentry, which leads to the
152 object identified by the child dentry. If no get_name function is
153 supplied, a default implementation is provided which uses vfs_readdir
154 to find potential names, and matches inode numbers to find the correct
158 A filehandle fragment consists of an array of 1 or more 4byte words,
159 together with a one byte "type".
160 The decode_fh routine should not depend on the stated size that is
161 passed to it. This size may be larger than the original filehandle
162 generated by encode_fh, in which case it will have been padded with
163 nuls. Rather, the encode_fh routine should choose a "type" which
164 indicates the decode_fh how much of the filehandle is valid, and how
165 it should be interpreted.