1 The PPC KVM paravirtual interface
2 =================================
4 The basic execution principle by which KVM on PowerPC works is to run all kernel
5 space code in PR=1 which is user space. This way we trap all privileged
6 instructions and can emulate them accordingly.
8 Unfortunately that is also the downfall. There are quite some privileged
9 instructions that needlessly return us to the hypervisor even though they
10 could be handled differently.
12 This is what the PPC PV interface helps with. It takes privileged instructions
13 and transforms them into unprivileged ones with some help from the hypervisor.
14 This cuts down virtualization costs by about 50% on some of my benchmarks.
16 The code for that interface can be found in arch/powerpc/kernel/kvm*
18 Querying for existence
19 ======================
21 To find out if we're running on KVM or not, we leverage the device tree. When
22 Linux is running on KVM, a node /hypervisor exists. That node contains a
23 compatible property with the value "linux,kvm".
25 Once you determined you're running under a PV capable KVM, you can now use
26 hypercalls as described below.
31 Inside the device tree's /hypervisor node there's a property called
32 'hypercall-instructions'. This property contains at most 4 opcodes that make
33 up the hypercall. To call a hypercall, just call these instructions.
35 The parameters are as follows:
40 r3 1st parameter Return code
41 r4 2nd parameter 1st output value
42 r5 3rd parameter 2nd output value
43 r6 4th parameter 3rd output value
44 r7 5th parameter 4th output value
45 r8 6th parameter 5th output value
46 r9 7th parameter 6th output value
47 r10 8th parameter 7th output value
48 r11 hypercall number 8th output value
51 Hypercall definitions are shared in generic code, so the same hypercall numbers
52 apply for x86 and powerpc alike with the exception that each KVM hypercall
53 also needs to be ORed with the KVM vendor code which is (42 << 16).
55 Return codes can be as follows:
60 12 Hypercall not implemented
66 To enable communication between the hypervisor and guest there is a new shared
67 page that contains parts of supervisor visible register state. The guest can
68 map this shared page using the KVM hypercall KVM_HC_PPC_MAP_MAGIC_PAGE.
70 With this hypercall issued the guest always gets the magic page mapped at the
71 desired location. The first parameter indicates the effective address when the
72 MMU is enabled. The second parameter indicates the address in real mode, if
73 applicable to the target. For now, we always map the page to -4096. This way we
74 can access it using absolute load and store functions. The following
75 instruction reads the first field of the magic page:
79 The interface is designed to be extensible should there be need later to add
80 additional registers to the magic page. If you add fields to the magic page,
81 also define a new hypercall feature to indicate that the host can give you more
82 registers. Only if the host supports the additional features, make use of them.
84 The magic page layout is described by struct kvm_vcpu_arch_shared
85 in arch/powerpc/include/asm/kvm_para.h.
90 When mapping the magic page using the KVM hypercall KVM_HC_PPC_MAP_MAGIC_PAGE,
91 a second return value is passed to the guest. This second return value contains
92 a bitmap of available features inside the magic page.
94 The following enhancements to the magic page are currently available:
96 KVM_MAGIC_FEAT_SR Maps SR registers r/w in the magic page
97 KVM_MAGIC_FEAT_MAS0_TO_SPRG7 Maps MASn, ESR, PIR and high SPRGs
99 For enhanced features in the magic page, please check for the existence of the
100 feature before using them!
105 In addition to features that indicate whether a host is capable of a particular
106 feature we also have a channel for a guest to tell the guest whether it's capable
107 of something. This is what we call "flags".
109 Flags are passed to the host in the low 12 bits of the Effective Address.
111 The following flags are currently available for a guest to expose:
113 MAGIC_PAGE_FLAG_NOT_MAPPED_NX Guest handles NX bits correclty wrt magic page
118 The MSR contains bits that require hypervisor intervention and bits that do
119 not require direct hypervisor intervention because they only get interpreted
120 when entering the guest or don't have any impact on the hypervisor's behavior.
122 The following bits are safe to be set inside the guest:
127 If any other bit changes in the MSR, please still use mtmsr(d).
132 The "ld" and "std" instructions are transformed to "lwz" and "stw" instructions
133 respectively on 32 bit systems with an added offset of 4 to accommodate for big
136 The following is a list of mapping the Linux kernel performs when running as
137 guest. Implementing any of those mappings is optional, as the instruction traps
138 also act on the shared page. So calling privileged instructions still works as
144 mfmsr rX ld rX, magic_page->msr
145 mfsprg rX, 0 ld rX, magic_page->sprg0
146 mfsprg rX, 1 ld rX, magic_page->sprg1
147 mfsprg rX, 2 ld rX, magic_page->sprg2
148 mfsprg rX, 3 ld rX, magic_page->sprg3
149 mfsrr0 rX ld rX, magic_page->srr0
150 mfsrr1 rX ld rX, magic_page->srr1
151 mfdar rX ld rX, magic_page->dar
152 mfdsisr rX lwz rX, magic_page->dsisr
154 mtmsr rX std rX, magic_page->msr
155 mtsprg 0, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg0
156 mtsprg 1, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg1
157 mtsprg 2, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg2
158 mtsprg 3, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg3
159 mtsrr0 rX std rX, magic_page->srr0
160 mtsrr1 rX std rX, magic_page->srr1
161 mtdar rX std rX, magic_page->dar
162 mtdsisr rX stw rX, magic_page->dsisr
166 mtmsrd rX, 0 b <special mtmsr section>
167 mtmsr rX b <special mtmsr section>
169 mtmsrd rX, 1 b <special mtmsrd section>
172 mtsrin rX, rY b <special mtsrin section>
175 wrteei [0|1] b <special wrteei section>
178 Some instructions require more logic to determine what's going on than a load
179 or store instruction can deliver. To enable patching of those, we keep some
180 RAM around where we can live translate instructions to. What happens is the
183 1) copy emulation code to memory
184 2) patch that code to fit the emulated instruction
185 3) patch that code to return to the original pc + 4
186 4) patch the original instruction to branch to the new code
188 That way we can inject an arbitrary amount of code as replacement for a single
189 instruction. This allows us to check for pending interrupts when setting EE=1
192 Hypercall ABIs in KVM on PowerPC
193 =================================
194 1) KVM hypercalls (ePAPR)
196 These are ePAPR compliant hypercall implementation (mentioned above). Even
197 generic hypercalls are implemented here, like the ePAPR idle hcall. These are
198 available on all targets.
202 PAPR hypercalls are needed to run server PowerPC PAPR guests (-M pseries in QEMU).
203 These are the same hypercalls that pHyp, the POWER hypervisor implements. Some of
204 them are handled in the kernel, some are handled in user space. This is only
205 available on book3s_64.
209 Mac-on-Linux is another user of KVM on PowerPC, which has its own hypercall (long
210 before KVM). This is supported to maintain compatibility. All these hypercalls get
211 forwarded to user space. This is only useful on book3s_32, but can be used with