1 The genalloc/genpool subsystem
2 ==============================
4 There are a number of memory-allocation subsystems in the kernel, each
5 aimed at a specific need. Sometimes, however, a kernel developer needs to
6 implement a new allocator for a specific range of special-purpose memory;
7 often that memory is located on a device somewhere. The author of the
8 driver for that device can certainly write a little allocator to get the
9 job done, but that is the way to fill the kernel with dozens of poorly
10 tested allocators. Back in 2005, Jes Sorensen lifted one of those
11 allocators from the sym53c8xx_2 driver and posted_ it as a generic module
12 for the creation of ad hoc memory allocators. This code was merged
13 for the 2.6.13 release; it has been modified considerably since then.
15 .. _posted: https://lwn.net/Articles/125842/
17 Code using this allocator should include <linux/genalloc.h>. The action
18 begins with the creation of a pool using one of:
20 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
21 :functions: gen_pool_create
23 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
24 :functions: devm_gen_pool_create
26 A call to :c:func:`gen_pool_create` will create a pool. The granularity of
27 allocations is set with min_alloc_order; it is a log-base-2 number like
28 those used by the page allocator, but it refers to bytes rather than pages.
29 So, if min_alloc_order is passed as 3, then all allocations will be a
30 multiple of eight bytes. Increasing min_alloc_order decreases the memory
31 required to track the memory in the pool. The nid parameter specifies
32 which NUMA node should be used for the allocation of the housekeeping
33 structures; it can be -1 if the caller doesn't care.
35 The "managed" interface :c:func:`devm_gen_pool_create` ties the pool to a
36 specific device. Among other things, it will automatically clean up the
37 pool when the given device is destroyed.
39 A pool is shut down with:
41 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
42 :functions: gen_pool_destroy
44 It's worth noting that, if there are still allocations outstanding from the
45 given pool, this function will take the rather extreme step of invoking
46 BUG(), crashing the entire system. You have been warned.
48 A freshly created pool has no memory to allocate. It is fairly useless in
49 that state, so one of the first orders of business is usually to add memory
50 to the pool. That can be done with one of:
52 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/genalloc.h
53 :functions: gen_pool_add
55 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
56 :functions: gen_pool_add_virt
58 A call to :c:func:`gen_pool_add` will place the size bytes of memory
59 starting at addr (in the kernel's virtual address space) into the given
60 pool, once again using nid as the node ID for ancillary memory allocations.
61 The :c:func:`gen_pool_add_virt` variant associates an explicit physical
62 address with the memory; this is only necessary if the pool will be used
65 The functions for allocating memory from the pool (and putting it back)
68 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
69 :functions: gen_pool_alloc
71 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
72 :functions: gen_pool_dma_alloc
74 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
75 :functions: gen_pool_free
77 As one would expect, :c:func:`gen_pool_alloc` will allocate size< bytes
78 from the given pool. The :c:func:`gen_pool_dma_alloc` variant allocates
79 memory for use with DMA operations, returning the associated physical
80 address in the space pointed to by dma. This will only work if the memory
81 was added with :c:func:`gen_pool_add_virt`. Note that this function
82 departs from the usual genpool pattern of using unsigned long values to
83 represent kernel addresses; it returns a void * instead.
85 That all seems relatively simple; indeed, some developers clearly found it
86 to be too simple. After all, the interface above provides no control over
87 how the allocation functions choose which specific piece of memory to
88 return. If that sort of control is needed, the following functions will be
91 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
92 :functions: gen_pool_alloc_algo
94 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
95 :functions: gen_pool_set_algo
97 Allocations with :c:func:`gen_pool_alloc_algo` specify an algorithm to be
98 used to choose the memory to be allocated; the default algorithm can be set
99 with :c:func:`gen_pool_set_algo`. The data value is passed to the
100 algorithm; most ignore it, but it is occasionally needed. One can,
101 naturally, write a special-purpose algorithm, but there is a fair set
104 - gen_pool_first_fit is a simple first-fit allocator; this is the default
105 algorithm if none other has been specified.
107 - gen_pool_first_fit_align forces the allocation to have a specific
108 alignment (passed via data in a genpool_data_align structure).
110 - gen_pool_first_fit_order_align aligns the allocation to the order of the
111 size. A 60-byte allocation will thus be 64-byte aligned, for example.
113 - gen_pool_best_fit, as one would expect, is a simple best-fit allocator.
115 - gen_pool_fixed_alloc allocates at a specific offset (passed in a
116 genpool_data_fixed structure via the data parameter) within the pool.
117 If the indicated memory is not available the allocation fails.
119 There is a handful of other functions, mostly for purposes like querying
120 the space available in the pool or iterating through chunks of memory.
121 Most users, however, should not need much beyond what has been described
122 above. With luck, wider awareness of this module will help to prevent the
123 writing of special-purpose memory allocators in the future.
125 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
126 :functions: gen_pool_virt_to_phys
128 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
129 :functions: gen_pool_for_each_chunk
131 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
132 :functions: addr_in_gen_pool
134 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
135 :functions: gen_pool_avail
137 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
138 :functions: gen_pool_size
140 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
141 :functions: gen_pool_get
143 .. kernel-doc:: lib/genalloc.c
144 :functions: of_gen_pool_get