4 NILFS2 is a log-structured file system (LFS) supporting continuous
5 snapshotting. In addition to versioning capability of the entire file
6 system, users can even restore files mistakenly overwritten or
7 destroyed just a few seconds ago. Since NILFS2 can keep consistency
8 like conventional LFS, it achieves quick recovery after system
11 NILFS2 creates a number of checkpoints every few seconds or per
12 synchronous write basis (unless there is no change). Users can select
13 significant versions among continuously created checkpoints, and can
14 change them into snapshots which will be preserved until they are
15 changed back to checkpoints.
17 There is no limit on the number of snapshots until the volume gets
18 full. Each snapshot is mountable as a read-only file system
19 concurrently with its writable mount, and this feature is convenient
22 The userland tools are included in nilfs-utils package, which is
23 available from the following download page. At least "mkfs.nilfs2",
24 "mount.nilfs2", "umount.nilfs2", and "nilfs_cleanerd" (so called
25 cleaner or garbage collector) are required. Details on the tools are
26 described in the man pages included in the package.
28 Project web page: http://www.nilfs.org/en/
29 Download page: http://www.nilfs.org/en/download.html
30 Git tree web page: http://www.nilfs.org/git/
31 List info: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-nilfs
36 Features which NILFS2 does not support yet:
48 NILFS2 supports the following mount options:
51 barrier(*) This enables/disables the use of write barriers. This
52 nobarrier requires an IO stack which can support barriers, and
53 if nilfs gets an error on a barrier write, it will
54 disable again with a warning.
55 errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
56 errors=remount-ro(*) Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
57 errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
58 cp=n Specify the checkpoint-number of the snapshot to be
59 mounted. Checkpoints and snapshots are listed by lscp
60 user command. Only the checkpoints marked as snapshot
61 are mountable with this option. Snapshot is read-only,
62 so a read-only mount option must be specified together.
63 order=relaxed(*) Apply relaxed order semantics that allows modified data
64 blocks to be written to disk without making a
65 checkpoint if no metadata update is going. This mode
66 is equivalent to the ordered data mode of the ext3
67 filesystem except for the updates on data blocks still
68 conserve atomicity. This will improve synchronous
69 write performance for overwriting.
70 order=strict Apply strict in-order semantics that preserves sequence
71 of all file operations including overwriting of data
72 blocks. That means, it is guaranteed that no
73 overtaking of events occurs in the recovered file
75 norecovery Disable recovery of the filesystem on mount.
76 This disables every write access on the device for
77 read-only mounts or snapshots. This option will fail
78 for r/w mounts on an unclean volume.
79 discard This enables/disables the use of discard/TRIM commands.
80 nodiscard(*) The discard/TRIM commands are sent to the underlying
81 block device when blocks are freed. This is useful
82 for SSD devices and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs.
87 There is some NILFS2 specific functionality which can be accessed by applications
88 through the system call interfaces. The list of all NILFS2 specific ioctls are
89 shown in the table below.
91 Table of NILFS2 specific ioctls
92 ..............................................................................
94 NILFS_IOCTL_CHANGE_CPMODE Change mode of given checkpoint between
95 checkpoint and snapshot state. This ioctl is
96 used in chcp and mkcp utilities.
98 NILFS_IOCTL_DELETE_CHECKPOINT Remove checkpoint from NILFS2 file system.
99 This ioctl is used in rmcp utility.
101 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_CPINFO Return info about requested checkpoints. This
102 ioctl is used in lscp utility and by
103 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
105 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_CPSTAT Return checkpoints statistics. This ioctl is
106 used by lscp, rmcp utilities and by
107 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
109 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_SUINFO Return segment usage info about requested
110 segments. This ioctl is used in lssu,
111 nilfs_resize utilities and by nilfs_cleanerd
114 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_SUSTAT Return segment usage statistics. This ioctl
115 is used in lssu, nilfs_resize utilities and
116 by nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
118 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_VINFO Return information on virtual block addresses.
119 This ioctl is used by nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
121 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_BDESCS Return information about descriptors of disk
122 block numbers. This ioctl is used by
123 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
125 NILFS_IOCTL_CLEAN_SEGMENTS Do garbage collection operation in the
126 environment of requested parameters from
127 userspace. This ioctl is used by
128 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
130 NILFS_IOCTL_SYNC Make a checkpoint. This ioctl is used in
133 NILFS_IOCTL_RESIZE Resize NILFS2 volume. This ioctl is used
134 by nilfs_resize utility.
136 NILFS_IOCTL_SET_ALLOC_RANGE Define lower limit of segments in bytes and
137 upper limit of segments in bytes. This ioctl
138 is used by nilfs_resize utility.
143 To use nilfs2 as a local file system, simply:
145 # mkfs -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device
146 # mount -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device /dir
148 This will also invoke the cleaner through the mount helper program
151 Checkpoints and snapshots are managed by the following commands.
152 Their manpages are included in the nilfs-utils package above.
154 lscp list checkpoints or snapshots.
155 mkcp make a checkpoint or a snapshot.
156 chcp change an existing checkpoint to a snapshot or vice versa.
157 rmcp invalidate specified checkpoint(s).
161 # mount -t nilfs2 -r -o cp=<cno> /dev/block_device /snap_dir
163 where <cno> is the checkpoint number of the snapshot.
165 To unmount the NILFS2 mount point or snapshot, simply:
169 Then, the cleaner daemon is automatically shut down by the umount
170 helper program (umount.nilfs2).
175 A nilfs2 volume is equally divided into a number of segments except
176 for the super block (SB) and segment #0. A segment is the container
177 of logs. Each log is composed of summary information blocks, payload
178 blocks, and an optional super root block (SR):
180 ______________________________________________________
181 | |SB| | Segment | Segment | Segment | ... | Segment | |
182 |_|__|_|____0____|____1____|____2____|_____|____N____|_|
183 0 +1K +4K +8M +16M +24M +(8MB x N)
184 . . (Typical offsets for 4KB-block)
186 .______________________.
187 | log | log |... | log |
188 |__1__|__2__|____|__m__|
192 .______________________________.
193 | Summary | Payload blocks |SR|
194 |_blocks__|_________________|__|
196 The payload blocks are organized per file, and each file consists of
197 data blocks and B-tree node blocks:
199 |<--- File-A --->|<--- File-B --->|
200 _______________________________________________________________
201 | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | ...
202 _|_____________|_______________|_____________|_______________|_
205 Since only the modified blocks are written in the log, it may have
206 files without data blocks or B-tree node blocks.
208 The organization of the blocks is recorded in the summary information
209 blocks, which contains a header structure (nilfs_segment_summary), per
210 file structures (nilfs_finfo), and per block structures (nilfs_binfo):
212 _________________________________________________________________________
213 | Summary | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo |...
214 |_blocks__|___A___|_(A,1)_|_____|(A,Na)_|___B___|_(B,1)_|_____|(B,Nb)_|___
217 The logs include regular files, directory files, symbolic link files
218 and several meta data files. The mata data files are the files used
219 to maintain file system meta data. The current version of NILFS2 uses
220 the following meta data files:
222 1) Inode file (ifile) -- Stores on-disk inodes
223 2) Checkpoint file (cpfile) -- Stores checkpoints
224 3) Segment usage file (sufile) -- Stores allocation state of segments
225 4) Data address translation file -- Maps virtual block numbers to usual
226 (DAT) block numbers. This file serves to
227 make on-disk blocks relocatable.
229 The following figure shows a typical organization of the logs:
231 _________________________________________________________________________
232 | Summary | regular file | file | ... | ifile | cpfile | sufile | DAT |SR|
233 |_blocks__|_or_directory_|_______|_____|_______|________|________|_____|__|
236 To stride over segment boundaries, this sequence of files may be split
237 into multiple logs. The sequence of logs that should be treated as
238 logically one log, is delimited with flags marked in the segment
239 summary. The recovery code of nilfs2 looks this boundary information
240 to ensure atomicity of updates.
242 The super root block is inserted for every checkpoints. It includes
243 three special inodes, inodes for the DAT, cpfile, and sufile. Inodes
244 of regular files, directories, symlinks and other special files, are
245 included in the ifile. The inode of ifile itself is included in the
246 corresponding checkpoint entry in the cpfile. Thus, the hierarchy
247 among NILFS2 files can be depicted as follows:
252 Super root block (the latest cno=xx)
257 |-- ifile (cno=c2) ---- file (ino=i1)
258 : : |-- file (ino=i2)
259 `-- ifile (cno=xx) |-- file (ino=i3)
262 ( regular file, directory, or symlink )
264 For detail on the format of each file, please see include/linux/nilfs2_fs.h.