1 pagemap, from the userspace perspective
2 ---------------------------------------
4 pagemap is a new (as of 2.6.25) set of interfaces in the kernel that allow
5 userspace programs to examine the page tables and related information by
6 reading files in /proc.
8 There are three components to pagemap:
10 * /proc/pid/pagemap. This file lets a userspace process find out which
11 physical frame each virtual page is mapped to. It contains one 64-bit
12 value for each virtual page, containing the following data (from
13 fs/proc/task_mmu.c, above pagemap_read):
15 * Bits 0-54 page frame number (PFN) if present
16 * Bits 0-4 swap type if swapped
17 * Bits 5-54 swap offset if swapped
18 * Bit 55 pte is soft-dirty (see Documentation/vm/soft-dirty.txt)
19 * Bit 56 page exclusively mapped (since 4.2)
21 * Bit 61 page is file-page or shared-anon (since 3.5)
25 Since Linux 4.0 only users with the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can get PFNs.
26 In 4.0 and 4.1 opens by unprivileged fail with -EPERM. Starting from
27 4.2 the PFN field is zeroed if the user does not have CAP_SYS_ADMIN.
28 Reason: information about PFNs helps in exploiting Rowhammer vulnerability.
30 If the page is not present but in swap, then the PFN contains an
31 encoding of the swap file number and the page's offset into the
32 swap. Unmapped pages return a null PFN. This allows determining
33 precisely which pages are mapped (or in swap) and comparing mapped
34 pages between processes.
36 Efficient users of this interface will use /proc/pid/maps to
37 determine which areas of memory are actually mapped and llseek to
38 skip over unmapped regions.
40 * /proc/kpagecount. This file contains a 64-bit count of the number of
41 times each page is mapped, indexed by PFN.
43 * /proc/kpageflags. This file contains a 64-bit set of flags for each
46 The flags are (from fs/proc/page.c, above kpageflags_read):
74 Short descriptions to the page flags:
77 page is being locked for exclusive access, eg. by undergoing read/write IO
80 page is managed by the SLAB/SLOB/SLUB/SLQB kernel memory allocator
81 When compound page is used, SLUB/SLQB will only set this flag on the head
82 page; SLOB will not flag it at all.
85 a free memory block managed by the buddy system allocator
86 The buddy system organizes free memory in blocks of various orders.
87 An order N block has 2^N physically contiguous pages, with the BUDDY flag
88 set for and _only_ for the first page.
92 A compound page with order N consists of 2^N physically contiguous pages.
93 A compound page with order 2 takes the form of "HTTT", where H donates its
94 head page and T donates its tail page(s). The major consumers of compound
95 pages are hugeTLB pages (Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt), the SLUB etc.
96 memory allocators and various device drivers. However in this interface,
97 only huge/giga pages are made visible to end users.
99 this is an integral part of a HugeTLB page
102 hardware detected memory corruption on this page: don't touch the data!
105 no page frame exists at the requested address
108 identical memory pages dynamically shared between one or more processes
111 contiguous pages which construct transparent hugepages
114 balloon compaction page
117 zero page for pfn_zero or huge_zero page
119 [IO related page flags]
120 1. ERROR IO error occurred
121 3. UPTODATE page has up-to-date data
122 ie. for file backed page: (in-memory data revision >= on-disk one)
123 4. DIRTY page has been written to, hence contains new data
124 ie. for file backed page: (in-memory data revision > on-disk one)
125 8. WRITEBACK page is being synced to disk
127 [LRU related page flags]
128 5. LRU page is in one of the LRU lists
129 6. ACTIVE page is in the active LRU list
130 18. UNEVICTABLE page is in the unevictable (non-)LRU list
131 It is somehow pinned and not a candidate for LRU page reclaims,
132 eg. ramfs pages, shmctl(SHM_LOCK) and mlock() memory segments
133 2. REFERENCED page has been referenced since last LRU list enqueue/requeue
134 9. RECLAIM page will be reclaimed soon after its pageout IO completed
135 11. MMAP a memory mapped page
136 12. ANON a memory mapped page that is not part of a file
137 13. SWAPCACHE page is mapped to swap space, ie. has an associated swap entry
138 14. SWAPBACKED page is backed by swap/RAM
140 The page-types tool in the tools/vm directory can be used to query the
143 Using pagemap to do something useful:
145 The general procedure for using pagemap to find out about a process' memory
146 usage goes like this:
148 1. Read /proc/pid/maps to determine which parts of the memory space are
150 2. Select the maps you are interested in -- all of them, or a particular
151 library, or the stack or the heap, etc.
152 3. Open /proc/pid/pagemap and seek to the pages you would like to examine.
153 4. Read a u64 for each page from pagemap.
154 5. Open /proc/kpagecount and/or /proc/kpageflags. For each PFN you just
155 read, seek to that entry in the file, and read the data you want.
157 For example, to find the "unique set size" (USS), which is the amount of
158 memory that a process is using that is not shared with any other process,
159 you can go through every map in the process, find the PFNs, look those up
160 in kpagecount, and tally up the number of pages that are only referenced
165 Reading from any of the files will return -EINVAL if you are not starting
166 the read on an 8-byte boundary (e.g., if you sought an odd number of bytes
167 into the file), or if the size of the read is not a multiple of 8 bytes.
169 Before Linux 3.11 pagemap bits 55-60 were used for "page-shift" (which is
170 always 12 at most architectures). Since Linux 3.11 their meaning changes
171 after first clear of soft-dirty bits. Since Linux 4.2 they are used for
172 flags unconditionally.