1 Identifier Locator Addressing (ILA)
7 Identifier-locator addressing (ILA) is a technique used with IPv6 that
8 differentiates between location and identity of a network node. Part of an
9 address expresses the immutable identity of the node, and another part
10 indicates the location of the node which can be dynamic. Identifier-locator
11 addressing can be used to efficiently implement overlay networks for
12 network virtualization as well as solutions for use cases in mobility.
14 ILA can be thought of as means to implement an overlay network without
15 encapsulation. This is accomplished by performing network address
16 translation on destination addresses as a packet traverses a network. To
17 the network, an ILA translated packet appears to be no different than any
18 other IPv6 packet. For instance, if the transport protocol is TCP then an
19 ILA translated packet looks like just another TCP/IPv6 packet. The
20 advantage of this is that ILA is transparent to the network so that
21 optimizations in the network, such as ECMP, RSS, GRO, GSO, etc., just work.
23 The ILA protocol is described in Internet-Draft draft-herbert-intarea-ila.
29 - Identifier A number that identifies an addressable node in the network
30 independent of its location. ILA identifiers are sixty-four
33 - Locator A network prefix that routes to a physical host. Locators
34 provide the topological location of an addressed node. ILA
35 locators are sixty-four bit prefixes.
38 A mapping of an ILA identifier to a locator (or to a
39 locator and meta data). An ILA domain maintains a database
40 that contains mappings for all destinations in the domain.
43 An IPv6 address composed of a SIR prefix (upper sixty-
44 four bits) and an identifier (lower sixty-four bits).
45 SIR addresses are visible to applications and provide a
46 means for them to address nodes independent of their
50 An IPv6 address composed of a locator (upper sixty-four
51 bits) and an identifier (low order sixty-four bits). ILA
52 addresses are never visible to an application.
54 - ILA host An end host that is capable of performing ILA translations
55 on transmit or receive.
57 - ILA router A network node that performs ILA translation and forwarding
58 of translated packets.
60 - ILA forwarding cache
61 A type of ILA router that only maintains a working set
64 - ILA node A network node capable of performing ILA translations. This
65 can be an ILA router, ILA forwarding cache, or ILA host.
71 There are two fundamental operations with ILA:
73 - Translate a SIR address to an ILA address. This is performed on ingress
76 - Translate an ILA address to a SIR address. This is performed on egress
79 ILA can be deployed either on end hosts or intermediate devices in the
80 network; these are provided by "ILA hosts" and "ILA routers" respectively.
81 Configuration and datapath for these two points of deployment is somewhat
84 The diagram below illustrates the flow of packets through ILA as well
85 as showing ILA hosts and routers.
88 | Host A +-+ +--->| Host B |
90 +--------+ | ...addressed.... ( ) +--------+
91 V +---+--+ . packet . +---+--+ (_)
92 (1) SIR | | ILA |----->-------->---->| ILA | | (3) SIR
93 addressed +->|router| . . |router|->-+ addressed
94 packet +---+--+ . IPv6 . +---+--+ packet
96 / . . +--+-++--------+
97 +--------+ / . . |ILA || Host |
98 | Host +--+ . .- -|host|| |
99 | | . . +--+-++--------+
100 +--------+ ................
103 Transport checksum handling
104 ===========================
106 When an address is translated by ILA, an encapsulated transport checksum
107 that includes the translated address in a pseudo header may be rendered
108 incorrect on the wire. This is a problem for intermediate devices,
109 including checksum offload in NICs, that process the checksum. There are
110 three options to deal with this:
112 - no action Allow the checksum to be incorrect on the wire. Before
113 a receiver verifies a checksum the ILA to SIR address
114 translation must be done.
116 - adjust transport checksum
117 When ILA translation is performed the packet is parsed
118 and if a transport layer checksum is found then it is
119 adjusted to reflect the correct checksum per the
122 - checksum neutral mapping
123 When an address is translated the difference can be offset
124 elsewhere in a part of the packet that is covered by
125 the checksum. The low order sixteen bits of the identifier
126 are used. This method is preferred since it doesn't require
127 parsing a packet beyond the IP header and in most cases the
128 adjustment can be precomputed and saved with the mapping.
130 Note that the checksum neutral adjustment affects the low order sixteen
131 bits of the identifier. When ILA to SIR address translation is done on
132 egress the low order bits are restored to the original value which
133 restores the identifier as it was originally sent.
139 ILA defines different types of identifiers for different use cases.
141 The defined types are:
143 0: interface identifier
145 1: locally unique identifier
147 2: virtual networking identifier for IPv4 address
149 3: virtual networking identifier for IPv6 unicast address
151 4: virtual networking identifier for IPv6 multicast address
153 5: non-local address identifier
155 In the current implementation of kernel ILA only locally unique identifiers
156 (LUID) are supported. LUID allows for a generic, unformatted 64 bit
163 Kernel ILA supports two optional fields in an identifier for formatting:
164 "C-bit" and "identifier type". The presence of these fields is determined
165 by configuration as demonstrated below.
167 If the identifier type is present it occupies the three highest order
168 bits of an identifier. The possible values are given in the above list.
170 If the C-bit is present, this is used as an indication that checksum
171 neutral mapping has been done. The C-bit can only be set in an
172 ILA address, never a SIR address.
174 In the simplest format the identifier types, C-bit, and checksum
175 adjustment value are not present so an identifier is considered an
176 unstructured sixty-four bit value.
178 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
182 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
184 The checksum neutral adjustment may be configured to always be
185 present using neutral-map-auto. In this case there is no C-bit, but the
186 checksum adjustment is in the low order 16 bits. The identifier is
187 still sixty-four bits.
189 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
191 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
192 | | Checksum-neutral adjustment |
193 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
195 The C-bit may used to explicitly indicate that checksum neutral
196 mapping has been applied to an ILA address. The format is:
198 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
200 | +-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
201 | | Checksum-neutral adjustment |
202 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
204 The identifier type field may be present to indicate the identifier
205 type. If it is not present then the type is inferred based on mapping
206 configuration. The checksum neutral adjustment may automatically
207 used with the identifier type as illustrated below.
209 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
211 +-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
212 | | Checksum-neutral adjustment |
213 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
215 If the identifier type and the C-bit can be present simultaneously so
216 the identifier format would be:
218 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
219 | Type|C| Identifier |
220 +-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
221 | | Checksum-neutral adjustment |
222 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
228 There are two methods to configure ILA mappings. One is by using LWT routes
229 and the other is ila_xlat (called from NFHOOK PREROUTING hook). ila_xlat
230 is intended to be used in the receive path for ILA hosts .
232 An ILA router has also been implemented in XDP. Description of that is
233 outside the scope of this document.
235 The usage of for ILA LWT routes is:
237 ip route add DEST/128 encap ila LOC csum-mode MODE ident-type TYPE via ADDR
239 Destination (DEST) can either be a SIR address (for an ILA host or ingress
240 ILA router) or an ILA address (egress ILA router). LOC is the sixty-four
241 bit locator (with format W:X:Y:Z) that overwrites the upper sixty-four
242 bits of the destination address. Checksum MODE is one of "no-action",
243 "adj-transport", "neutral-map", and "neutral-map-auto". If neutral-map is
244 set then the C-bit will be present. Identifier TYPE one of "luid" or
245 "use-format." In the case of use-format, the identifier type field is
246 present and the effective type is taken from that.
248 The usage of ila_xlat is:
250 ip ila add loc_match MATCH loc LOC csum-mode MODE ident-type TYPE
252 MATCH indicates the incoming locator that must be matched to apply
253 a the translaiton. LOC is the locator that overwrites the upper
254 sixty-four bits of the destination address. MODE and TYPE have the
255 same meanings as described above.
261 # Configure an ILA route that uses checksum neutral mapping as well
262 # as type field. Note that the type field is set in the SIR address
263 # (the 2000 implies type is 1 which is LUID).
264 ip route add 3333:0:0:1:2000:0:1:87/128 encap ila 2001:0:87:0 \
265 csum-mode neutral-map ident-type use-format
267 # Configure an ILA LWT route that uses auto checksum neutral mapping
268 # (no C-bit) and configure identifier type to be LUID so that the
269 # identifier type field will not be present.
270 ip route add 3333:0:0:1:2000:0:2:87/128 encap ila 2001:0:87:1 \
271 csum-mode neutral-map-auto ident-type luid
273 ila_xlat configuration
275 # Configure an ILA to SIR mapping that matches a locator and overwrites
276 # it with a SIR address (3333:0:0:1 in this example). The C-bit and
277 # identifier field are used.
278 ip ila add loc_match 2001:0:119:0 loc 3333:0:0:1 \
279 csum-mode neutral-map-auto ident-type use-format
281 # Configure an ILA to SIR mapping where checksum neutral is automatically
282 # set without the C-bit and the identifier type is configured to be LUID
283 # so that the identifier type field is not present.
284 ip ila add loc_match 2001:0:119:0 loc 3333:0:0:1 \
285 csum-mode neutral-map-auto ident-type use-format