2 * drivers/base/dd.c - The core device/driver interactions.
4 * This file contains the (sometimes tricky) code that controls the
5 * interactions between devices and drivers, which primarily includes
6 * driver binding and unbinding.
8 * All of this code used to exist in drivers/base/bus.c, but was
9 * relocated to here in the name of compartmentalization (since it wasn't
10 * strictly code just for the 'struct bus_type'.
12 * Copyright (c) 2002-5 Patrick Mochel
13 * Copyright (c) 2002-3 Open Source Development Labs
14 * Copyright (c) 2007-2009 Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
15 * Copyright (c) 2007-2009 Novell Inc.
17 * This file is released under the GPLv2
20 #include <linux/device.h>
21 #include <linux/delay.h>
22 #include <linux/module.h>
23 #include <linux/kthread.h>
24 #include <linux/wait.h>
25 #include <linux/async.h>
26 #include <linux/pm_runtime.h>
27 #include <linux/pinctrl/devinfo.h>
30 #include "power/power.h"
33 * Deferred Probe infrastructure.
35 * Sometimes driver probe order matters, but the kernel doesn't always have
36 * dependency information which means some drivers will get probed before a
37 * resource it depends on is available. For example, an SDHCI driver may
38 * first need a GPIO line from an i2c GPIO controller before it can be
39 * initialized. If a required resource is not available yet, a driver can
40 * request probing to be deferred by returning -EPROBE_DEFER from its probe hook
42 * Deferred probe maintains two lists of devices, a pending list and an active
43 * list. A driver returning -EPROBE_DEFER causes the device to be added to the
44 * pending list. A successful driver probe will trigger moving all devices
45 * from the pending to the active list so that the workqueue will eventually
48 * The deferred_probe_mutex must be held any time the deferred_probe_*_list
49 * of the (struct device*)->p->deferred_probe pointers are manipulated
51 static DEFINE_MUTEX(deferred_probe_mutex
);
52 static LIST_HEAD(deferred_probe_pending_list
);
53 static LIST_HEAD(deferred_probe_active_list
);
54 static atomic_t deferred_trigger_count
= ATOMIC_INIT(0);
56 static ssize_t
deferred_probe_show(struct device
*dev
,
57 struct device_attribute
*attr
, char *buf
)
61 mutex_lock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
62 value
= !list_empty(&dev
->p
->deferred_probe
);
63 mutex_unlock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
65 return sprintf(buf
, "%d\n", value
);
67 DEVICE_ATTR_RO(deferred_probe
);
70 * In some cases, like suspend to RAM or hibernation, It might be reasonable
71 * to prohibit probing of devices as it could be unsafe.
72 * Once defer_all_probes is true all drivers probes will be forcibly deferred.
74 static bool defer_all_probes
;
77 * deferred_probe_work_func() - Retry probing devices in the active list.
79 static void deferred_probe_work_func(struct work_struct
*work
)
82 struct device_private
*private;
84 * This block processes every device in the deferred 'active' list.
85 * Each device is removed from the active list and passed to
86 * bus_probe_device() to re-attempt the probe. The loop continues
87 * until every device in the active list is removed and retried.
89 * Note: Once the device is removed from the list and the mutex is
90 * released, it is possible for the device get freed by another thread
91 * and cause a illegal pointer dereference. This code uses
92 * get/put_device() to ensure the device structure cannot disappear
93 * from under our feet.
95 mutex_lock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
96 while (!list_empty(&deferred_probe_active_list
)) {
97 private = list_first_entry(&deferred_probe_active_list
,
98 typeof(*dev
->p
), deferred_probe
);
99 dev
= private->device
;
100 list_del_init(&private->deferred_probe
);
105 * Drop the mutex while probing each device; the probe path may
106 * manipulate the deferred list
108 mutex_unlock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
111 * Force the device to the end of the dpm_list since
112 * the PM code assumes that the order we add things to
113 * the list is a good order for suspend but deferred
114 * probe makes that very unsafe.
117 device_pm_move_last(dev
);
120 dev_dbg(dev
, "Retrying from deferred list\n");
121 bus_probe_device(dev
);
123 mutex_lock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
127 mutex_unlock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
129 static DECLARE_WORK(deferred_probe_work
, deferred_probe_work_func
);
131 static void driver_deferred_probe_add(struct device
*dev
)
133 mutex_lock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
134 if (list_empty(&dev
->p
->deferred_probe
)) {
135 dev_dbg(dev
, "Added to deferred list\n");
136 list_add_tail(&dev
->p
->deferred_probe
, &deferred_probe_pending_list
);
138 mutex_unlock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
141 void driver_deferred_probe_del(struct device
*dev
)
143 mutex_lock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
144 if (!list_empty(&dev
->p
->deferred_probe
)) {
145 dev_dbg(dev
, "Removed from deferred list\n");
146 list_del_init(&dev
->p
->deferred_probe
);
148 mutex_unlock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
151 static bool driver_deferred_probe_enable
= false;
153 * driver_deferred_probe_trigger() - Kick off re-probing deferred devices
155 * This functions moves all devices from the pending list to the active
156 * list and schedules the deferred probe workqueue to process them. It
157 * should be called anytime a driver is successfully bound to a device.
159 * Note, there is a race condition in multi-threaded probe. In the case where
160 * more than one device is probing at the same time, it is possible for one
161 * probe to complete successfully while another is about to defer. If the second
162 * depends on the first, then it will get put on the pending list after the
163 * trigger event has already occurred and will be stuck there.
165 * The atomic 'deferred_trigger_count' is used to determine if a successful
166 * trigger has occurred in the midst of probing a driver. If the trigger count
167 * changes in the midst of a probe, then deferred processing should be triggered
170 static void driver_deferred_probe_trigger(void)
172 if (!driver_deferred_probe_enable
)
176 * A successful probe means that all the devices in the pending list
177 * should be triggered to be reprobed. Move all the deferred devices
178 * into the active list so they can be retried by the workqueue
180 mutex_lock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
181 atomic_inc(&deferred_trigger_count
);
182 list_splice_tail_init(&deferred_probe_pending_list
,
183 &deferred_probe_active_list
);
184 mutex_unlock(&deferred_probe_mutex
);
187 * Kick the re-probe thread. It may already be scheduled, but it is
188 * safe to kick it again.
190 schedule_work(&deferred_probe_work
);
194 * device_block_probing() - Block/defere device's probes
196 * It will disable probing of devices and defer their probes instead.
198 void device_block_probing(void)
200 defer_all_probes
= true;
201 /* sync with probes to avoid races. */
202 wait_for_device_probe();
206 * device_unblock_probing() - Unblock/enable device's probes
208 * It will restore normal behavior and trigger re-probing of deferred
211 void device_unblock_probing(void)
213 defer_all_probes
= false;
214 driver_deferred_probe_trigger();
218 * deferred_probe_initcall() - Enable probing of deferred devices
220 * We don't want to get in the way when the bulk of drivers are getting probed.
221 * Instead, this initcall makes sure that deferred probing is delayed until
222 * late_initcall time.
224 static int deferred_probe_initcall(void)
226 driver_deferred_probe_enable
= true;
227 driver_deferred_probe_trigger();
228 /* Sort as many dependencies as possible before exiting initcalls */
229 flush_work(&deferred_probe_work
);
232 late_initcall(deferred_probe_initcall
);
235 * device_is_bound() - Check if device is bound to a driver
236 * @dev: device to check
238 * Returns true if passed device has already finished probing successfully
241 * This function must be called with the device lock held.
243 bool device_is_bound(struct device
*dev
)
245 return dev
->p
&& klist_node_attached(&dev
->p
->knode_driver
);
248 static void driver_bound(struct device
*dev
)
250 if (device_is_bound(dev
)) {
251 printk(KERN_WARNING
"%s: device %s already bound\n",
252 __func__
, kobject_name(&dev
->kobj
));
256 pr_debug("driver: '%s': %s: bound to device '%s'\n", dev
->driver
->name
,
257 __func__
, dev_name(dev
));
259 klist_add_tail(&dev
->p
->knode_driver
, &dev
->driver
->p
->klist_devices
);
260 device_links_driver_bound(dev
);
262 device_pm_check_callbacks(dev
);
265 * Make sure the device is no longer in one of the deferred lists and
266 * kick off retrying all pending devices
268 driver_deferred_probe_del(dev
);
269 driver_deferred_probe_trigger();
272 blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev
->bus
->p
->bus_notifier
,
273 BUS_NOTIFY_BOUND_DRIVER
, dev
);
276 static int driver_sysfs_add(struct device
*dev
)
281 blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev
->bus
->p
->bus_notifier
,
282 BUS_NOTIFY_BIND_DRIVER
, dev
);
284 ret
= sysfs_create_link(&dev
->driver
->p
->kobj
, &dev
->kobj
,
285 kobject_name(&dev
->kobj
));
287 ret
= sysfs_create_link(&dev
->kobj
, &dev
->driver
->p
->kobj
,
290 sysfs_remove_link(&dev
->driver
->p
->kobj
,
291 kobject_name(&dev
->kobj
));
296 static void driver_sysfs_remove(struct device
*dev
)
298 struct device_driver
*drv
= dev
->driver
;
301 sysfs_remove_link(&drv
->p
->kobj
, kobject_name(&dev
->kobj
));
302 sysfs_remove_link(&dev
->kobj
, "driver");
307 * device_bind_driver - bind a driver to one device.
310 * Allow manual attachment of a driver to a device.
311 * Caller must have already set @dev->driver.
313 * Note that this does not modify the bus reference count
314 * nor take the bus's rwsem. Please verify those are accounted
315 * for before calling this. (It is ok to call with no other effort
316 * from a driver's probe() method.)
318 * This function must be called with the device lock held.
320 int device_bind_driver(struct device
*dev
)
324 ret
= driver_sysfs_add(dev
);
328 blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev
->bus
->p
->bus_notifier
,
329 BUS_NOTIFY_DRIVER_NOT_BOUND
, dev
);
332 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(device_bind_driver
);
334 static atomic_t probe_count
= ATOMIC_INIT(0);
335 static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(probe_waitqueue
);
337 static int really_probe(struct device
*dev
, struct device_driver
*drv
)
339 int ret
= -EPROBE_DEFER
;
340 int local_trigger_count
= atomic_read(&deferred_trigger_count
);
341 bool test_remove
= IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DEBUG_TEST_DRIVER_REMOVE
) &&
342 !drv
->suppress_bind_attrs
;
344 if (defer_all_probes
) {
346 * Value of defer_all_probes can be set only by
347 * device_defer_all_probes_enable() which, in turn, will call
348 * wait_for_device_probe() right after that to avoid any races.
350 dev_dbg(dev
, "Driver %s force probe deferral\n", drv
->name
);
351 driver_deferred_probe_add(dev
);
355 ret
= device_links_check_suppliers(dev
);
359 atomic_inc(&probe_count
);
360 pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: probing driver %s with device %s\n",
361 drv
->bus
->name
, __func__
, drv
->name
, dev_name(dev
));
362 WARN_ON(!list_empty(&dev
->devres_head
));
367 /* If using pinctrl, bind pins now before probing */
368 ret
= pinctrl_bind_pins(dev
);
370 goto pinctrl_bind_failed
;
372 if (driver_sysfs_add(dev
)) {
373 printk(KERN_ERR
"%s: driver_sysfs_add(%s) failed\n",
374 __func__
, dev_name(dev
));
378 if (dev
->pm_domain
&& dev
->pm_domain
->activate
) {
379 ret
= dev
->pm_domain
->activate(dev
);
385 * Ensure devices are listed in devices_kset in correct order
386 * It's important to move Dev to the end of devices_kset before
387 * calling .probe, because it could be recursive and parent Dev
388 * should always go first
390 devices_kset_move_last(dev
);
392 if (dev
->bus
->probe
) {
393 ret
= dev
->bus
->probe(dev
);
396 } else if (drv
->probe
) {
397 ret
= drv
->probe(dev
);
405 if (dev
->bus
->remove
)
406 dev
->bus
->remove(dev
);
407 else if (drv
->remove
)
410 devres_release_all(dev
);
411 driver_sysfs_remove(dev
);
413 dev_set_drvdata(dev
, NULL
);
414 if (dev
->pm_domain
&& dev
->pm_domain
->dismiss
)
415 dev
->pm_domain
->dismiss(dev
);
416 pm_runtime_reinit(dev
);
421 pinctrl_init_done(dev
);
423 if (dev
->pm_domain
&& dev
->pm_domain
->sync
)
424 dev
->pm_domain
->sync(dev
);
428 pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: bound device %s to driver %s\n",
429 drv
->bus
->name
, __func__
, dev_name(dev
), drv
->name
);
434 blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev
->bus
->p
->bus_notifier
,
435 BUS_NOTIFY_DRIVER_NOT_BOUND
, dev
);
437 device_links_no_driver(dev
);
438 devres_release_all(dev
);
439 driver_sysfs_remove(dev
);
441 dev_set_drvdata(dev
, NULL
);
442 if (dev
->pm_domain
&& dev
->pm_domain
->dismiss
)
443 dev
->pm_domain
->dismiss(dev
);
444 pm_runtime_reinit(dev
);
448 /* Driver requested deferred probing */
449 dev_dbg(dev
, "Driver %s requests probe deferral\n", drv
->name
);
450 driver_deferred_probe_add(dev
);
451 /* Did a trigger occur while probing? Need to re-trigger if yes */
452 if (local_trigger_count
!= atomic_read(&deferred_trigger_count
))
453 driver_deferred_probe_trigger();
457 pr_debug("%s: probe of %s rejects match %d\n",
458 drv
->name
, dev_name(dev
), ret
);
461 /* driver matched but the probe failed */
463 "%s: probe of %s failed with error %d\n",
464 drv
->name
, dev_name(dev
), ret
);
467 * Ignore errors returned by ->probe so that the next driver can try
472 atomic_dec(&probe_count
);
473 wake_up(&probe_waitqueue
);
479 * Determine if the probe sequence is finished or not.
481 * Should somehow figure out how to use a semaphore, not an atomic variable...
483 int driver_probe_done(void)
485 pr_debug("%s: probe_count = %d\n", __func__
,
486 atomic_read(&probe_count
));
487 if (atomic_read(&probe_count
))
493 * wait_for_device_probe
494 * Wait for device probing to be completed.
496 void wait_for_device_probe(void)
498 /* wait for the deferred probe workqueue to finish */
499 flush_work(&deferred_probe_work
);
501 /* wait for the known devices to complete their probing */
502 wait_event(probe_waitqueue
, atomic_read(&probe_count
) == 0);
503 async_synchronize_full();
505 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(wait_for_device_probe
);
508 * driver_probe_device - attempt to bind device & driver together
509 * @drv: driver to bind a device to
510 * @dev: device to try to bind to the driver
512 * This function returns -ENODEV if the device is not registered,
513 * 1 if the device is bound successfully and 0 otherwise.
515 * This function must be called with @dev lock held. When called for a
516 * USB interface, @dev->parent lock must be held as well.
518 * If the device has a parent, runtime-resume the parent before driver probing.
520 int driver_probe_device(struct device_driver
*drv
, struct device
*dev
)
524 if (!device_is_registered(dev
))
527 pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: matched device %s with driver %s\n",
528 drv
->bus
->name
, __func__
, dev_name(dev
), drv
->name
);
530 pm_runtime_get_suppliers(dev
);
532 pm_runtime_get_sync(dev
->parent
);
534 pm_runtime_barrier(dev
);
535 ret
= really_probe(dev
, drv
);
536 pm_request_idle(dev
);
539 pm_runtime_put(dev
->parent
);
541 pm_runtime_put_suppliers(dev
);
545 bool driver_allows_async_probing(struct device_driver
*drv
)
547 switch (drv
->probe_type
) {
548 case PROBE_PREFER_ASYNCHRONOUS
:
551 case PROBE_FORCE_SYNCHRONOUS
:
555 if (module_requested_async_probing(drv
->owner
))
562 struct device_attach_data
{
566 * Indicates whether we are are considering asynchronous probing or
567 * not. Only initial binding after device or driver registration
568 * (including deferral processing) may be done asynchronously, the
569 * rest is always synchronous, as we expect it is being done by
570 * request from userspace.
575 * Indicates if we are binding synchronous or asynchronous drivers.
576 * When asynchronous probing is enabled we'll execute 2 passes
577 * over drivers: first pass doing synchronous probing and second
578 * doing asynchronous probing (if synchronous did not succeed -
579 * most likely because there was no driver requiring synchronous
580 * probing - and we found asynchronous driver during first pass).
581 * The 2 passes are done because we can't shoot asynchronous
582 * probe for given device and driver from bus_for_each_drv() since
583 * driver pointer is not guaranteed to stay valid once
584 * bus_for_each_drv() iterates to the next driver on the bus.
589 * We'll set have_async to 'true' if, while scanning for matching
590 * driver, we'll encounter one that requests asynchronous probing.
595 static int __device_attach_driver(struct device_driver
*drv
, void *_data
)
597 struct device_attach_data
*data
= _data
;
598 struct device
*dev
= data
->dev
;
603 * Check if device has already been claimed. This may
604 * happen with driver loading, device discovery/registration,
605 * and deferred probe processing happens all at once with
611 ret
= driver_match_device(drv
, dev
);
615 } else if (ret
== -EPROBE_DEFER
) {
616 dev_dbg(dev
, "Device match requests probe deferral\n");
617 driver_deferred_probe_add(dev
);
618 } else if (ret
< 0) {
619 dev_dbg(dev
, "Bus failed to match device: %d", ret
);
621 } /* ret > 0 means positive match */
623 async_allowed
= driver_allows_async_probing(drv
);
626 data
->have_async
= true;
628 if (data
->check_async
&& async_allowed
!= data
->want_async
)
631 return driver_probe_device(drv
, dev
);
634 static void __device_attach_async_helper(void *_dev
, async_cookie_t cookie
)
636 struct device
*dev
= _dev
;
637 struct device_attach_data data
= {
646 pm_runtime_get_sync(dev
->parent
);
648 bus_for_each_drv(dev
->bus
, NULL
, &data
, __device_attach_driver
);
649 dev_dbg(dev
, "async probe completed\n");
651 pm_request_idle(dev
);
654 pm_runtime_put(dev
->parent
);
661 static int __device_attach(struct device
*dev
, bool allow_async
)
667 if (device_is_bound(dev
)) {
671 ret
= device_bind_driver(dev
);
679 struct device_attach_data data
= {
681 .check_async
= allow_async
,
686 pm_runtime_get_sync(dev
->parent
);
688 ret
= bus_for_each_drv(dev
->bus
, NULL
, &data
,
689 __device_attach_driver
);
690 if (!ret
&& allow_async
&& data
.have_async
) {
692 * If we could not find appropriate driver
693 * synchronously and we are allowed to do
694 * async probes and there are drivers that
695 * want to probe asynchronously, we'll
698 dev_dbg(dev
, "scheduling asynchronous probe\n");
700 async_schedule(__device_attach_async_helper
, dev
);
702 pm_request_idle(dev
);
706 pm_runtime_put(dev
->parent
);
714 * device_attach - try to attach device to a driver.
717 * Walk the list of drivers that the bus has and call
718 * driver_probe_device() for each pair. If a compatible
719 * pair is found, break out and return.
721 * Returns 1 if the device was bound to a driver;
722 * 0 if no matching driver was found;
723 * -ENODEV if the device is not registered.
725 * When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent lock must be held.
727 int device_attach(struct device
*dev
)
729 return __device_attach(dev
, false);
731 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(device_attach
);
733 void device_initial_probe(struct device
*dev
)
735 __device_attach(dev
, true);
738 static int __driver_attach(struct device
*dev
, void *data
)
740 struct device_driver
*drv
= data
;
744 * Lock device and try to bind to it. We drop the error
745 * here and always return 0, because we need to keep trying
746 * to bind to devices and some drivers will return an error
747 * simply if it didn't support the device.
749 * driver_probe_device() will spit a warning if there
753 ret
= driver_match_device(drv
, dev
);
757 } else if (ret
== -EPROBE_DEFER
) {
758 dev_dbg(dev
, "Device match requests probe deferral\n");
759 driver_deferred_probe_add(dev
);
760 } else if (ret
< 0) {
761 dev_dbg(dev
, "Bus failed to match device: %d", ret
);
763 } /* ret > 0 means positive match */
765 if (dev
->parent
) /* Needed for USB */
766 device_lock(dev
->parent
);
769 driver_probe_device(drv
, dev
);
772 device_unlock(dev
->parent
);
778 * driver_attach - try to bind driver to devices.
781 * Walk the list of devices that the bus has on it and try to
782 * match the driver with each one. If driver_probe_device()
783 * returns 0 and the @dev->driver is set, we've found a
786 int driver_attach(struct device_driver
*drv
)
788 return bus_for_each_dev(drv
->bus
, NULL
, drv
, __driver_attach
);
790 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(driver_attach
);
793 * __device_release_driver() must be called with @dev lock held.
794 * When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent lock must be held as well.
796 static void __device_release_driver(struct device
*dev
, struct device
*parent
)
798 struct device_driver
*drv
;
802 if (driver_allows_async_probing(drv
))
803 async_synchronize_full();
805 while (device_links_busy(dev
)) {
808 device_unlock(parent
);
810 device_links_unbind_consumers(dev
);
816 * A concurrent invocation of the same function might
817 * have released the driver successfully while this one
818 * was waiting, so check for that.
820 if (dev
->driver
!= drv
)
824 pm_runtime_get_sync(dev
);
825 pm_runtime_clean_up_links(dev
);
827 driver_sysfs_remove(dev
);
830 blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev
->bus
->p
->bus_notifier
,
831 BUS_NOTIFY_UNBIND_DRIVER
,
834 pm_runtime_put_sync(dev
);
836 if (dev
->bus
&& dev
->bus
->remove
)
837 dev
->bus
->remove(dev
);
838 else if (drv
->remove
)
841 device_links_driver_cleanup(dev
);
842 devres_release_all(dev
);
844 dev_set_drvdata(dev
, NULL
);
845 if (dev
->pm_domain
&& dev
->pm_domain
->dismiss
)
846 dev
->pm_domain
->dismiss(dev
);
847 pm_runtime_reinit(dev
);
849 klist_remove(&dev
->p
->knode_driver
);
850 device_pm_check_callbacks(dev
);
852 blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev
->bus
->p
->bus_notifier
,
853 BUS_NOTIFY_UNBOUND_DRIVER
,
858 void device_release_driver_internal(struct device
*dev
,
859 struct device_driver
*drv
,
860 struct device
*parent
)
866 if (!drv
|| drv
== dev
->driver
)
867 __device_release_driver(dev
, parent
);
871 device_unlock(parent
);
875 * device_release_driver - manually detach device from driver.
878 * Manually detach device from driver.
879 * When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent lock must be held.
881 * If this function is to be called with @dev->parent lock held, ensure that
882 * the device's consumers are unbound in advance or that their locks can be
883 * acquired under the @dev->parent lock.
885 void device_release_driver(struct device
*dev
)
888 * If anyone calls device_release_driver() recursively from
889 * within their ->remove callback for the same device, they
890 * will deadlock right here.
892 device_release_driver_internal(dev
, NULL
, NULL
);
894 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(device_release_driver
);
897 * driver_detach - detach driver from all devices it controls.
900 void driver_detach(struct device_driver
*drv
)
902 struct device_private
*dev_prv
;
906 spin_lock(&drv
->p
->klist_devices
.k_lock
);
907 if (list_empty(&drv
->p
->klist_devices
.k_list
)) {
908 spin_unlock(&drv
->p
->klist_devices
.k_lock
);
911 dev_prv
= list_entry(drv
->p
->klist_devices
.k_list
.prev
,
912 struct device_private
,
913 knode_driver
.n_node
);
914 dev
= dev_prv
->device
;
916 spin_unlock(&drv
->p
->klist_devices
.k_lock
);
917 device_release_driver_internal(dev
, drv
, dev
->parent
);