1 .. -*- coding: utf-8; mode: rst -*-
5 ********************************
6 Differences between V4L and V4L2
7 ********************************
9 The Video For Linux API was first introduced in Linux 2.1 to unify and
10 replace various TV and radio device related interfaces, developed
11 independently by driver writers in prior years. Starting with Linux 2.5
12 the much improved V4L2 API replaces the V4L API. The support for the old
13 V4L calls were removed from Kernel, but the library :ref:`libv4l`
14 supports the conversion of a V4L API system call into a V4L2 one.
17 Opening and Closing Devices
18 ===========================
20 For compatibility reasons the character device file names recommended
21 for V4L2 video capture, overlay, radio and raw vbi capture devices did
22 not change from those used by V4L. They are listed in :ref:`devices`
23 and below in :ref:`v4l-dev`.
25 The teletext devices (minor range 192-223) have been removed in V4L2 and
26 no longer exist. There is no hardware available anymore for handling
27 pure teletext. Instead raw or sliced VBI is used.
29 The V4L ``videodev`` module automatically assigns minor numbers to
30 drivers in load order, depending on the registered device type. We
31 recommend that V4L2 drivers by default register devices with the same
32 numbers, but the system administrator can assign arbitrary minor numbers
33 using driver module options. The major device number remains 81.
38 .. flat-table:: V4L Device Types, Names and Numbers
45 * - Video capture and overlay
46 - ``/dev/video`` and ``/dev/bttv0``\ [#f1]_, ``/dev/video0`` to
50 - ``/dev/radio``\ [#f2]_, ``/dev/radio0`` to ``/dev/radio63``
53 - ``/dev/vbi``, ``/dev/vbi0`` to ``/dev/vbi31``
57 V4L prohibits (or used to prohibit) multiple opens of a device file.
58 V4L2 drivers *may* support multiple opens, see :ref:`open` for details
61 V4L drivers respond to V4L2 ioctls with an ``EINVAL`` error code.
67 The V4L ``VIDIOCGCAP`` ioctl is equivalent to V4L2's
68 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCAP`.
70 The ``name`` field in struct ``video_capability`` became
71 ``card`` in struct :c:type:`v4l2_capability`, ``type``
72 was replaced by ``capabilities``. Note V4L2 does not distinguish between
73 device types like this, better think of basic video input, video output
74 and radio devices supporting a set of related functions like video
75 capturing, video overlay and VBI capturing. See :ref:`open` for an
78 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{5.5cm}|p{6.5cm}|p{5.5cm}
80 .. cssclass:: longtable
86 * - ``struct video_capability`` ``type``
87 - struct :c:type:`v4l2_capability`
88 ``capabilities`` flags
90 * - ``VID_TYPE_CAPTURE``
91 - ``V4L2_CAP_VIDEO_CAPTURE``
92 - The :ref:`video capture <capture>` interface is supported.
93 * - ``VID_TYPE_TUNER``
95 - The device has a :ref:`tuner or modulator <tuner>`.
96 * - ``VID_TYPE_TELETEXT``
97 - ``V4L2_CAP_VBI_CAPTURE``
98 - The :ref:`raw VBI capture <raw-vbi>` interface is supported.
99 * - ``VID_TYPE_OVERLAY``
100 - ``V4L2_CAP_VIDEO_OVERLAY``
101 - The :ref:`video overlay <overlay>` interface is supported.
102 * - ``VID_TYPE_CHROMAKEY``
103 - ``V4L2_FBUF_CAP_CHROMAKEY`` in field ``capability`` of struct
104 :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`
105 - Whether chromakey overlay is supported. For more information on
106 overlay see :ref:`overlay`.
107 * - ``VID_TYPE_CLIPPING``
108 - ``V4L2_FBUF_CAP_LIST_CLIPPING`` and
109 ``V4L2_FBUF_CAP_BITMAP_CLIPPING`` in field ``capability`` of
110 struct :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`
111 - Whether clipping the overlaid image is supported, see
113 * - ``VID_TYPE_FRAMERAM``
114 - ``V4L2_FBUF_CAP_EXTERNOVERLAY`` *not set* in field ``capability``
115 of struct :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`
116 - Whether overlay overwrites frame buffer memory, see
118 * - ``VID_TYPE_SCALES``
120 - This flag indicates if the hardware can scale images. The V4L2 API
121 implies the scale factor by setting the cropping dimensions and
122 image size with the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_CROP <VIDIOC_G_CROP>` and
123 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl, respectively. The
124 driver returns the closest sizes possible. For more information on
125 cropping and scaling see :ref:`crop`.
126 * - ``VID_TYPE_MONOCHROME``
128 - Applications can enumerate the supported image formats with the
129 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT` ioctl to determine if
130 the device supports grey scale capturing only. For more
131 information on image formats see :ref:`pixfmt`.
132 * - ``VID_TYPE_SUBCAPTURE``
134 - Applications can call the :ref:`VIDIOC_G_CROP <VIDIOC_G_CROP>`
135 ioctl to determine if the device supports capturing a subsection
136 of the full picture ("cropping" in V4L2). If not, the ioctl
137 returns the ``EINVAL`` error code. For more information on cropping
138 and scaling see :ref:`crop`.
139 * - ``VID_TYPE_MPEG_DECODER``
141 - Applications can enumerate the supported image formats with the
142 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT` ioctl to determine if
143 the device supports MPEG streams.
144 * - ``VID_TYPE_MPEG_ENCODER``
147 * - ``VID_TYPE_MJPEG_DECODER``
150 * - ``VID_TYPE_MJPEG_ENCODER``
155 The ``audios`` field was replaced by ``capabilities`` flag
156 ``V4L2_CAP_AUDIO``, indicating *if* the device has any audio inputs or
157 outputs. To determine their number applications can enumerate audio
158 inputs with the :ref:`VIDIOC_G_AUDIO <VIDIOC_G_AUDIO>` ioctl. The
159 audio ioctls are described in :ref:`audio`.
161 The ``maxwidth``, ``maxheight``, ``minwidth`` and ``minheight`` fields
162 were removed. Calling the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` or
163 :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl with the desired
164 dimensions returns the closest size possible, taking into account the
165 current video standard, cropping and scaling limitations.
171 V4L provides the ``VIDIOCGCHAN`` and ``VIDIOCSCHAN`` ioctl using struct
172 ``video_channel`` to enumerate the video inputs of a V4L
173 device. The equivalent V4L2 ioctls are
174 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT`,
175 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_INPUT <VIDIOC_G_INPUT>` and
176 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_INPUT <VIDIOC_G_INPUT>` using struct
177 :c:type:`v4l2_input` as discussed in :ref:`video`.
179 The ``channel`` field counting inputs was renamed to ``index``, the
180 video input types were renamed as follows:
188 * - struct ``video_channel`` ``type``
189 - struct :c:type:`v4l2_input` ``type``
190 * - ``VIDEO_TYPE_TV``
191 - ``V4L2_INPUT_TYPE_TUNER``
192 * - ``VIDEO_TYPE_CAMERA``
193 - ``V4L2_INPUT_TYPE_CAMERA``
196 Unlike the ``tuners`` field expressing the number of tuners of this
197 input, V4L2 assumes each video input is connected to at most one tuner.
198 However a tuner can have more than one input, i. e. RF connectors, and a
199 device can have multiple tuners. The index number of the tuner
200 associated with the input, if any, is stored in field ``tuner`` of
201 struct :c:type:`v4l2_input`. Enumeration of tuners is
202 discussed in :ref:`tuner`.
204 The redundant ``VIDEO_VC_TUNER`` flag was dropped. Video inputs
205 associated with a tuner are of type ``V4L2_INPUT_TYPE_TUNER``. The
206 ``VIDEO_VC_AUDIO`` flag was replaced by the ``audioset`` field. V4L2
207 considers devices with up to 32 audio inputs. Each set bit in the
208 ``audioset`` field represents one audio input this video input combines
209 with. For information about audio inputs and how to switch between them
212 The ``norm`` field describing the supported video standards was replaced
213 by ``std``. The V4L specification mentions a flag ``VIDEO_VC_NORM``
214 indicating whether the standard can be changed. This flag was a later
215 addition together with the ``norm`` field and has been removed in the
216 meantime. V4L2 has a similar, albeit more comprehensive approach to
217 video standards, see :ref:`standard` for more information.
223 The V4L ``VIDIOCGTUNER`` and ``VIDIOCSTUNER`` ioctl and struct
224 ``video_tuner`` can be used to enumerate the tuners of a
225 V4L TV or radio device. The equivalent V4L2 ioctls are
226 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_TUNER <VIDIOC_G_TUNER>` and
227 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_TUNER <VIDIOC_G_TUNER>` using struct
228 :c:type:`v4l2_tuner`. Tuners are covered in :ref:`tuner`.
230 The ``tuner`` field counting tuners was renamed to ``index``. The fields
231 ``name``, ``rangelow`` and ``rangehigh`` remained unchanged.
233 The ``VIDEO_TUNER_PAL``, ``VIDEO_TUNER_NTSC`` and ``VIDEO_TUNER_SECAM``
234 flags indicating the supported video standards were dropped. This
235 information is now contained in the associated struct
236 :c:type:`v4l2_input`. No replacement exists for the
237 ``VIDEO_TUNER_NORM`` flag indicating whether the video standard can be
238 switched. The ``mode`` field to select a different video standard was
239 replaced by a whole new set of ioctls and structures described in
240 :ref:`standard`. Due to its ubiquity it should be mentioned the BTTV
241 driver supports several standards in addition to the regular
242 ``VIDEO_MODE_PAL`` (0), ``VIDEO_MODE_NTSC``, ``VIDEO_MODE_SECAM`` and
243 ``VIDEO_MODE_AUTO`` (3). Namely N/PAL Argentina, M/PAL, N/PAL, and NTSC
244 Japan with numbers 3-6 (sic).
246 The ``VIDEO_TUNER_STEREO_ON`` flag indicating stereo reception became
247 ``V4L2_TUNER_SUB_STEREO`` in field ``rxsubchans``. This field also
248 permits the detection of monaural and bilingual audio, see the
249 definition of struct :c:type:`v4l2_tuner` for details.
250 Presently no replacement exists for the ``VIDEO_TUNER_RDS_ON`` and
251 ``VIDEO_TUNER_MBS_ON`` flags.
253 The ``VIDEO_TUNER_LOW`` flag was renamed to ``V4L2_TUNER_CAP_LOW`` in
254 the struct :c:type:`v4l2_tuner` ``capability`` field.
256 The ``VIDIOCGFREQ`` and ``VIDIOCSFREQ`` ioctl to change the tuner
257 frequency where renamed to
258 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FREQUENCY <VIDIOC_G_FREQUENCY>` and
259 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FREQUENCY <VIDIOC_G_FREQUENCY>`. They take a pointer
260 to a struct :c:type:`v4l2_frequency` instead of an
261 unsigned long integer.
264 .. _v4l-image-properties:
269 V4L2 has no equivalent of the ``VIDIOCGPICT`` and ``VIDIOCSPICT`` ioctl
270 and struct ``video_picture``. The following fields where
271 replaced by V4L2 controls accessible with the
272 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL`,
273 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_CTRL <VIDIOC_G_CTRL>` and
274 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_CTRL <VIDIOC_G_CTRL>` ioctls:
282 * - struct ``video_picture``
285 - ``V4L2_CID_BRIGHTNESS``
289 - ``V4L2_CID_SATURATION``
291 - ``V4L2_CID_CONTRAST``
293 - ``V4L2_CID_WHITENESS``
296 The V4L picture controls are assumed to range from 0 to 65535 with no
297 particular reset value. The V4L2 API permits arbitrary limits and
298 defaults which can be queried with the
299 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL` ioctl. For general
300 information about controls see :ref:`control`.
302 The ``depth`` (average number of bits per pixel) of a video image is
303 implied by the selected image format. V4L2 does not explicitly provide
304 such information assuming applications recognizing the format are aware
305 of the image depth and others need not know. The ``palette`` field moved
306 into the struct :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format`:
314 * - struct ``video_picture`` ``palette``
315 - struct :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format` ``pixfmt``
316 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_GREY``
317 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY <V4L2-PIX-FMT-GREY>`
318 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_HI240``
319 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_HI240 <pixfmt-reserved>` [#f3]_
320 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB565``
321 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_RGB565 <pixfmt-rgb>`
322 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB555``
323 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_RGB555 <pixfmt-rgb>`
324 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB24``
325 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR24 <pixfmt-rgb>`
326 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RGB32``
327 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR32 <pixfmt-rgb>` [#f4]_
328 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422``
329 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUYV>`
330 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUYV``\ [#f5]_
331 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUYV>`
332 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_UYVY``
333 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_UYVY <V4L2-PIX-FMT-UYVY>`
334 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV420``
336 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV411``
337 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y41P <V4L2-PIX-FMT-Y41P>` [#f6]_
338 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RAW``
340 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422P``
341 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV422P <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUV422P>`
342 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV411P``
343 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV411P <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUV411P>` [#f8]_
344 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV420P``
345 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YVU420>`
346 * - ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV410P``
347 - :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU410 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YVU410>`
350 V4L2 image formats are defined in :ref:`pixfmt`. The image format can
351 be selected with the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl.
357 The ``VIDIOCGAUDIO`` and ``VIDIOCSAUDIO`` ioctl and struct
358 ``video_audio`` are used to enumerate the audio inputs
359 of a V4L device. The equivalent V4L2 ioctls are
360 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_AUDIO <VIDIOC_G_AUDIO>` and
361 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_AUDIO <VIDIOC_G_AUDIO>` using struct
362 :c:type:`v4l2_audio` as discussed in :ref:`audio`.
364 The ``audio`` "channel number" field counting audio inputs was renamed
367 On ``VIDIOCSAUDIO`` the ``mode`` field selects *one* of the
368 ``VIDEO_SOUND_MONO``, ``VIDEO_SOUND_STEREO``, ``VIDEO_SOUND_LANG1`` or
369 ``VIDEO_SOUND_LANG2`` audio demodulation modes. When the current audio
370 standard is BTSC ``VIDEO_SOUND_LANG2`` refers to SAP and
371 ``VIDEO_SOUND_LANG1`` is meaningless. Also undocumented in the V4L
372 specification, there is no way to query the selected mode. On
373 ``VIDIOCGAUDIO`` the driver returns the *actually received* audio
374 programmes in this field. In the V4L2 API this information is stored in
375 the struct :c:type:`v4l2_tuner` ``rxsubchans`` and
376 ``audmode`` fields, respectively. See :ref:`tuner` for more
377 information on tuners. Related to audio modes struct
378 :c:type:`v4l2_audio` also reports if this is a mono or
379 stereo input, regardless if the source is a tuner.
381 The following fields where replaced by V4L2 controls accessible with the
382 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL`,
383 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_CTRL <VIDIOC_G_CTRL>` and
384 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_CTRL <VIDIOC_G_CTRL>` ioctls:
392 * - struct ``video_audio``
395 - ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_VOLUME``
397 - ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_BASS``
399 - ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_TREBLE``
401 - ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_BALANCE``
404 To determine which of these controls are supported by a driver V4L
405 provides the ``flags`` ``VIDEO_AUDIO_VOLUME``, ``VIDEO_AUDIO_BASS``,
406 ``VIDEO_AUDIO_TREBLE`` and ``VIDEO_AUDIO_BALANCE``. In the V4L2 API the
407 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL` ioctl reports if the
408 respective control is supported. Accordingly the ``VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTABLE``
409 and ``VIDEO_AUDIO_MUTE`` flags where replaced by the boolean
410 ``V4L2_CID_AUDIO_MUTE`` control.
412 All V4L2 controls have a ``step`` attribute replacing the struct
413 ``video_audio`` ``step`` field. The V4L audio controls
414 are assumed to range from 0 to 65535 with no particular reset value. The
415 V4L2 API permits arbitrary limits and defaults which can be queried with
416 the :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL` ioctl. For general
417 information about controls see :ref:`control`.
423 The V4L2 ioctls equivalent to ``VIDIOCGFBUF`` and ``VIDIOCSFBUF`` are
424 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>` and
425 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FBUF <VIDIOC_G_FBUF>`. The ``base`` field of struct
426 ``video_buffer`` remained unchanged, except V4L2 defines
427 a flag to indicate non-destructive overlays instead of a ``NULL``
428 pointer. All other fields moved into the struct
429 :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format` ``fmt`` substructure of
430 struct :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`. The ``depth``
431 field was replaced by ``pixelformat``. See :ref:`pixfmt-rgb` for a
432 list of RGB formats and their respective color depths.
434 Instead of the special ioctls ``VIDIOCGWIN`` and ``VIDIOCSWIN`` V4L2
435 uses the general-purpose data format negotiation ioctls
436 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` and
437 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`. They take a pointer to a struct
438 :c:type:`v4l2_format` as argument. Here the ``win`` member
439 of the ``fmt`` union is used, a struct
440 :c:type:`v4l2_window`.
442 The ``x``, ``y``, ``width`` and ``height`` fields of struct
443 ``video_window`` moved into struct
444 :c:type:`v4l2_rect` substructure ``w`` of struct
445 :c:type:`v4l2_window`. The ``chromakey``, ``clips``, and
446 ``clipcount`` fields remained unchanged. Struct
447 ``video_clip`` was renamed to struct
448 :c:type:`v4l2_clip`, also containing a struct
449 :c:type:`v4l2_rect`, but the semantics are still the same.
451 The ``VIDEO_WINDOW_INTERLACE`` flag was dropped. Instead applications
452 must set the ``field`` field to ``V4L2_FIELD_ANY`` or
453 ``V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED``. The ``VIDEO_WINDOW_CHROMAKEY`` flag moved
454 into struct :c:type:`v4l2_framebuffer`, under the new
455 name ``V4L2_FBUF_FLAG_CHROMAKEY``.
457 In V4L, storing a bitmap pointer in ``clips`` and setting ``clipcount``
458 to ``VIDEO_CLIP_BITMAP`` (-1) requests bitmap clipping, using a fixed
459 size bitmap of 1024 × 625 bits. Struct :c:type:`v4l2_window`
460 has a separate ``bitmap`` pointer field for this purpose and the bitmap
461 size is determined by ``w.width`` and ``w.height``.
463 The ``VIDIOCCAPTURE`` ioctl to enable or disable overlay was renamed to
464 :ref:`VIDIOC_OVERLAY`.
470 To capture only a subsection of the full picture V4L defines the
471 ``VIDIOCGCAPTURE`` and ``VIDIOCSCAPTURE`` ioctls using struct
472 ``video_capture``. The equivalent V4L2 ioctls are
473 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_CROP <VIDIOC_G_CROP>` and
474 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_CROP <VIDIOC_G_CROP>` using struct
475 :c:type:`v4l2_crop`, and the related
476 :ref:`VIDIOC_CROPCAP` ioctl. This is a rather
477 complex matter, see :ref:`crop` for details.
479 The ``x``, ``y``, ``width`` and ``height`` fields moved into struct
480 :c:type:`v4l2_rect` substructure ``c`` of struct
481 :c:type:`v4l2_crop`. The ``decimation`` field was dropped. In
482 the V4L2 API the scaling factor is implied by the size of the cropping
483 rectangle and the size of the captured or overlaid image.
485 The ``VIDEO_CAPTURE_ODD`` and ``VIDEO_CAPTURE_EVEN`` flags to capture
486 only the odd or even field, respectively, were replaced by
487 ``V4L2_FIELD_TOP`` and ``V4L2_FIELD_BOTTOM`` in the field named
488 ``field`` of struct :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format` and
489 struct :c:type:`v4l2_window`. These structures are used to
490 select a capture or overlay format with the
491 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl.
494 Reading Images, Memory Mapping
495 ==============================
498 Capturing using the read method
499 -------------------------------
501 There is no essential difference between reading images from a V4L or
502 V4L2 device using the :ref:`read() <func-read>` function, however V4L2
503 drivers are not required to support this I/O method. Applications can
504 determine if the function is available with the
505 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYCAP` ioctl. All V4L2 devices
506 exchanging data with applications must support the
507 :ref:`select() <func-select>` and :ref:`poll() <func-poll>`
510 To select an image format and size, V4L provides the ``VIDIOCSPICT`` and
511 ``VIDIOCSWIN`` ioctls. V4L2 uses the general-purpose data format
512 negotiation ioctls :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` and
513 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`. They take a pointer to a struct
514 :c:type:`v4l2_format` as argument, here the struct
515 :c:type:`v4l2_pix_format` named ``pix`` of its
516 ``fmt`` union is used.
518 For more information about the V4L2 read interface see :ref:`rw`.
521 Capturing using memory mapping
522 ------------------------------
524 Applications can read from V4L devices by mapping buffers in device
525 memory, or more often just buffers allocated in DMA-able system memory,
526 into their address space. This avoids the data copying overhead of the
527 read method. V4L2 supports memory mapping as well, with a few
539 - The image format must be selected before buffers are allocated,
540 with the :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>` ioctl. When no
541 format is selected the driver may use the last, possibly by
542 another application requested format.
543 * - Applications cannot change the number of buffers. The it is built
544 into the driver, unless it has a module option to change the
545 number when the driver module is loaded.
546 - The :ref:`VIDIOC_REQBUFS` ioctl allocates the
547 desired number of buffers, this is a required step in the
548 initialization sequence.
549 * - Drivers map all buffers as one contiguous range of memory. The
550 ``VIDIOCGMBUF`` ioctl is available to query the number of buffers,
551 the offset of each buffer from the start of the virtual file, and
552 the overall amount of memory used, which can be used as arguments
553 for the :ref:`mmap() <func-mmap>` function.
554 - Buffers are individually mapped. The offset and size of each
555 buffer can be determined with the
556 :ref:`VIDIOC_QUERYBUF` ioctl.
557 * - The ``VIDIOCMCAPTURE`` ioctl prepares a buffer for capturing. It
558 also determines the image format for this buffer. The ioctl
559 returns immediately, eventually with an ``EAGAIN`` error code if no
560 video signal had been detected. When the driver supports more than
561 one buffer applications can call the ioctl multiple times and thus
562 have multiple outstanding capture requests.
564 The ``VIDIOCSYNC`` ioctl suspends execution until a particular
565 buffer has been filled.
566 - Drivers maintain an incoming and outgoing queue.
567 :ref:`VIDIOC_QBUF` enqueues any empty buffer into
568 the incoming queue. Filled buffers are dequeued from the outgoing
569 queue with the :ref:`VIDIOC_DQBUF <VIDIOC_QBUF>` ioctl. To wait
570 until filled buffers become available this function,
571 :ref:`select() <func-select>` or :ref:`poll() <func-poll>` can
572 be used. The :ref:`VIDIOC_STREAMON` ioctl
573 must be called once after enqueuing one or more buffers to start
574 capturing. Its counterpart
575 :ref:`VIDIOC_STREAMOFF <VIDIOC_STREAMON>` stops capturing and
576 dequeues all buffers from both queues. Applications can query the
577 signal status, if known, with the
578 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT` ioctl.
581 For a more in-depth discussion of memory mapping and examples, see
588 Originally the V4L API did not specify a raw VBI capture interface, only
589 the device file ``/dev/vbi`` was reserved for this purpose. The only
590 driver supporting this interface was the BTTV driver, de-facto defining
591 the V4L VBI interface. Reading from the device yields a raw VBI image
592 with the following parameters:
600 * - struct :c:type:`v4l2_vbi_format`
603 - 28636363 Hz NTSC (or any other 525-line standard); 35468950 Hz PAL
604 and SECAM (625-line standards)
610 - V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY. The last four bytes (a machine endianness
611 integer) contain a frame counter.
613 - 10, 273 NTSC; 22, 335 PAL and SECAM
620 Undocumented in the V4L specification, in Linux 2.3 the
621 ``VIDIOCGVBIFMT`` and ``VIDIOCSVBIFMT`` ioctls using struct
622 ``vbi_format`` were added to determine the VBI image
623 parameters. These ioctls are only partially compatible with the V4L2 VBI
624 interface specified in :ref:`raw-vbi`.
626 An ``offset`` field does not exist, ``sample_format`` is supposed to be
627 ``VIDEO_PALETTE_RAW``, equivalent to ``V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY``. The
628 remaining fields are probably equivalent to struct
629 :c:type:`v4l2_vbi_format`.
631 Apparently only the Zoran (ZR 36120) driver implements these ioctls. The
632 semantics differ from those specified for V4L2 in two ways. The
633 parameters are reset on :ref:`open() <func-open>` and
634 ``VIDIOCSVBIFMT`` always returns an ``EINVAL`` error code if the parameters
641 V4L2 has no equivalent of the ``VIDIOCGUNIT`` ioctl. Applications can
642 find the VBI device associated with a video capture device (or vice
643 versa) by reopening the device and requesting VBI data. For details see
646 No replacement exists for ``VIDIOCKEY``, and the V4L functions for
647 microcode programming. A new interface for MPEG compression and playback
648 devices is documented in :ref:`extended-controls`.
651 According to Documentation/devices.txt these should be symbolic links
652 to ``/dev/video0``. Note the original bttv interface is not
653 compatible with V4L or V4L2.
656 According to ``Documentation/devices.txt`` a symbolic link to
660 This is a custom format used by the BTTV driver, not one of the V4L2
664 Presumably all V4L RGB formats are little-endian, although some
665 drivers might interpret them according to machine endianness. V4L2
666 defines little-endian, big-endian and red/blue swapped variants. For
667 details see :ref:`pixfmt-rgb`.
670 ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUV422`` and ``VIDEO_PALETTE_YUYV`` are the same
671 formats. Some V4L drivers respond to one, some to the other.
674 Not to be confused with ``V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV411P``, which is a planar
678 V4L explains this as: "RAW capture (BT848)"
681 Not to be confused with ``V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y41P``, which is a packed
685 Old driver versions used different values, eventually the custom
686 ``BTTV_VBISIZE`` ioctl was added to query the correct values.