1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 TAA - TSX Asynchronous Abort
4 ======================================
6 TAA is a hardware vulnerability that allows unprivileged speculative access to
7 data which is available in various CPU internal buffers by using asynchronous
8 aborts within an Intel TSX transactional region.
13 This vulnerability only affects Intel processors that support Intel
14 Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) when the TAA_NO bit (bit 8)
15 is 0 in the IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR. On processors where the MDS_NO bit
16 (bit 5) is 0 in the IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR, the existing MDS mitigations
17 also mitigate against TAA.
19 Whether a processor is affected or not can be read out from the TAA
20 vulnerability file in sysfs. See :ref:`tsx_async_abort_sys_info`.
25 The following CVE entry is related to this TAA issue:
27 ============== ===== ===================================================
28 CVE-2019-11135 TAA TSX Asynchronous Abort (TAA) condition on some
29 microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may
30 allow an authenticated user to potentially enable
31 information disclosure via a side channel with
33 ============== ===== ===================================================
38 When performing store, load or L1 refill operations, processors write
39 data into temporary microarchitectural structures (buffers). The data in
40 those buffers can be forwarded to load operations as an optimization.
42 Intel TSX is an extension to the x86 instruction set architecture that adds
43 hardware transactional memory support to improve performance of multi-threaded
44 software. TSX lets the processor expose and exploit concurrency hidden in an
45 application due to dynamically avoiding unnecessary synchronization.
47 TSX supports atomic memory transactions that are either committed (success) or
48 aborted. During an abort, operations that happened within the transactional region
49 are rolled back. An asynchronous abort takes place, among other options, when a
50 different thread accesses a cache line that is also used within the transactional
51 region when that access might lead to a data race.
53 Immediately after an uncompleted asynchronous abort, certain speculatively
54 executed loads may read data from those internal buffers and pass it to dependent
55 operations. This can be then used to infer the value via a cache side channel
58 Because the buffers are potentially shared between Hyper-Threads cross
59 Hyper-Thread attacks are possible.
61 The victim of a malicious actor does not need to make use of TSX. Only the
62 attacker needs to begin a TSX transaction and raise an asynchronous abort
63 which in turn potentially leaks data stored in the buffers.
65 More detailed technical information is available in the TAA specific x86
66 architecture section: :ref:`Documentation/x86/tsx_async_abort.rst <tsx_async_abort>`.
72 Attacks against the TAA vulnerability can be implemented from unprivileged
73 applications running on hosts or guests.
75 As for MDS, the attacker has no control over the memory addresses that can
76 be leaked. Only the victim is responsible for bringing data to the CPU. As
77 a result, the malicious actor has to sample as much data as possible and
78 then postprocess it to try to infer any useful information from it.
80 A potential attacker only has read access to the data. Also, there is no direct
81 privilege escalation by using this technique.
84 .. _tsx_async_abort_sys_info:
86 TAA system information
87 -----------------------
89 The Linux kernel provides a sysfs interface to enumerate the current TAA status
90 of mitigated systems. The relevant sysfs file is:
92 /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/tsx_async_abort
94 The possible values in this file are:
99 - The CPU is affected by this vulnerability and the microcode and kernel mitigation are not applied.
100 * - 'Vulnerable: Clear CPU buffers attempted, no microcode'
101 - The system tries to clear the buffers but the microcode might not support the operation.
102 * - 'Mitigation: Clear CPU buffers'
103 - The microcode has been updated to clear the buffers. TSX is still enabled.
104 * - 'Mitigation: TSX disabled'
107 - The CPU is not affected by this issue.
111 Best effort mitigation mode
112 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
114 If the processor is vulnerable, but the availability of the microcode-based
115 mitigation mechanism is not advertised via CPUID the kernel selects a best
116 effort mitigation mode. This mode invokes the mitigation instructions
117 without a guarantee that they clear the CPU buffers.
119 This is done to address virtualization scenarios where the host has the
120 microcode update applied, but the hypervisor is not yet updated to expose the
121 CPUID to the guest. If the host has updated microcode the protection takes
122 effect; otherwise a few CPU cycles are wasted pointlessly.
124 The state in the tsx_async_abort sysfs file reflects this situation
131 The kernel detects the affected CPUs and the presence of the microcode which is
132 required. If a CPU is affected and the microcode is available, then the kernel
133 enables the mitigation by default.
136 The mitigation can be controlled at boot time via a kernel command line option.
137 See :ref:`taa_mitigation_control_command_line`.
139 Virtualization mitigation
140 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
142 Affected systems where the host has TAA microcode and TAA is mitigated by
143 having disabled TSX previously, are not vulnerable regardless of the status
146 In all other cases, if the host either does not have the TAA microcode or
147 the kernel is not mitigated, the system might be vulnerable.
150 .. _taa_mitigation_control_command_line:
152 Mitigation control on the kernel command line
153 ---------------------------------------------
155 The kernel command line allows to control the TAA mitigations at boot time with
156 the option "tsx_async_abort=". The valid arguments for this option are:
158 ============ =============================================================
159 off This option disables the TAA mitigation on affected platforms.
160 If the system has TSX enabled (see next parameter) and the CPU
161 is affected, the system is vulnerable.
163 full TAA mitigation is enabled. If TSX is enabled, on an affected
164 system it will clear CPU buffers on ring transitions. On
165 systems which are MDS-affected and deploy MDS mitigation,
166 TAA is also mitigated. Specifying this option on those
167 systems will have no effect.
169 full,nosmt The same as tsx_async_abort=full, with SMT disabled on
170 vulnerable CPUs that have TSX enabled. This is the complete
171 mitigation. When TSX is disabled, SMT is not disabled because
172 CPU is not vulnerable to cross-thread TAA attacks.
173 ============ =============================================================
175 Not specifying this option is equivalent to "tsx_async_abort=full". For
176 processors that are affected by both TAA and MDS, specifying just
177 "tsx_async_abort=off" without an accompanying "mds=off" will have no
178 effect as the same mitigation is used for both vulnerabilities.
180 The kernel command line also allows to control the TSX feature using the
181 parameter "tsx=" on CPUs which support TSX control. MSR_IA32_TSX_CTRL is used
182 to control the TSX feature and the enumeration of the TSX feature bits (RTM
185 The valid options are:
187 ============ =============================================================
188 off Disables TSX on the system.
190 Note that this option takes effect only on newer CPUs which are
191 not vulnerable to MDS, i.e., have MSR_IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES.MDS_NO=1
192 and which get the new IA32_TSX_CTRL MSR through a microcode
193 update. This new MSR allows for the reliable deactivation of
194 the TSX functionality.
198 Although there are mitigations for all known security
199 vulnerabilities, TSX has been known to be an accelerator for
200 several previous speculation-related CVEs, and so there may be
201 unknown security risks associated with leaving it enabled.
203 auto Disables TSX if X86_BUG_TAA is present, otherwise enables TSX
205 ============ =============================================================
207 Not specifying this option is equivalent to "tsx=off".
209 The following combinations of the "tsx_async_abort" and "tsx" are possible. For
210 affected platforms tsx=auto is equivalent to tsx=off and the result will be:
212 ========= ========================== =========================================
213 tsx=on tsx_async_abort=full The system will use VERW to clear CPU
214 buffers. Cross-thread attacks are still
215 possible on SMT machines.
216 tsx=on tsx_async_abort=full,nosmt As above, cross-thread attacks on SMT
218 tsx=on tsx_async_abort=off The system is vulnerable.
219 tsx=off tsx_async_abort=full TSX might be disabled if microcode
220 provides a TSX control MSR. If so,
221 system is not vulnerable.
222 tsx=off tsx_async_abort=full,nosmt Ditto
223 tsx=off tsx_async_abort=off ditto
224 ========= ========================== =========================================
227 For unaffected platforms "tsx=on" and "tsx_async_abort=full" does not clear CPU
228 buffers. For platforms without TSX control (MSR_IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES.MDS_NO=0)
229 "tsx" command line argument has no effect.
231 For the affected platforms below table indicates the mitigation status for the
232 combinations of CPUID bit MD_CLEAR and IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR bits MDS_NO
235 ======= ========= ============= ========================================
236 MDS_NO MD_CLEAR TSX_CTRL_MSR Status
237 ======= ========= ============= ========================================
238 0 0 0 Vulnerable (needs microcode)
239 0 1 0 MDS and TAA mitigated via VERW
240 1 1 0 MDS fixed, TAA vulnerable if TSX enabled
241 because MD_CLEAR has no meaning and
242 VERW is not guaranteed to clear buffers
243 1 X 1 MDS fixed, TAA can be mitigated by
245 ======= ========= ============= ========================================
247 Mitigation selection guide
248 --------------------------
250 1. Trusted userspace and guests
251 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
253 If all user space applications are from a trusted source and do not execute
254 untrusted code which is supplied externally, then the mitigation can be
255 disabled. The same applies to virtualized environments with trusted guests.
258 2. Untrusted userspace and guests
259 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
261 If there are untrusted applications or guests on the system, enabling TSX
262 might allow a malicious actor to leak data from the host or from other
263 processes running on the same physical core.
265 If the microcode is available and the TSX is disabled on the host, attacks
266 are prevented in a virtualized environment as well, even if the VMs do not
267 explicitly enable the mitigation.
270 .. _taa_default_mitigations:
275 The kernel's default action for vulnerable processors is:
277 - Deploy TSX disable mitigation (tsx_async_abort=full tsx=off).