1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
10 Under certain circumstances a SoC can reach a critical temperature
11 limit and is unable to stabilize the temperature around a temperature
12 control. When the SoC has to stabilize the temperature, the kernel can
13 act on a cooling device to mitigate the dissipated power. When the
14 critical temperature is reached, a decision must be taken to reduce
15 the temperature, that, in turn impacts performance.
17 Another situation is when the silicon temperature continues to
18 increase even after the dynamic leakage is reduced to its minimum by
19 clock gating the component. This runaway phenomenon can continue due
20 to the static leakage. The only solution is to power down the
21 component, thus dropping the dynamic and static leakage that will
22 allow the component to cool down.
24 Last but not least, the system can ask for a specific power budget but
25 because of the OPP density, we can only choose an OPP with a power
26 budget lower than the requested one and under-utilize the CPU, thus
27 losing performance. In other words, one OPP under-utilizes the CPU
28 with a power less than the requested power budget and the next OPP
29 exceeds the power budget. An intermediate OPP could have been used if
35 If we can remove the static and the dynamic leakage for a specific
36 duration in a controlled period, the SoC temperature will
37 decrease. Acting on the idle state duration or the idle cycle
38 injection period, we can mitigate the temperature by modulating the
41 The Operating Performance Point (OPP) density has a great influence on
42 the control precision of cpufreq, however different vendors have a
43 plethora of OPP density, and some have large power gap between OPPs,
44 that will result in loss of performance during thermal control and
45 loss of power in other scenarios.
47 At a specific OPP, we can assume that injecting idle cycle on all CPUs
48 belong to the same cluster, with a duration greater than the cluster
49 idle state target residency, we lead to dropping the static and the
50 dynamic leakage for this period (modulo the energy needed to enter
51 this state). So the sustainable power with idle cycles has a linear
52 relation with the OPP’s sustainable power and can be computed with a
53 coefficient similar to::
55 Power(IdleCycle) = Coef x Power(OPP)
60 The base concept of the idle injection is to force the CPU to go to an
61 idle state for a specified time each control cycle, it provides
62 another way to control CPU power and heat in addition to
63 cpufreq. Ideally, if all CPUs belonging to the same cluster, inject
64 their idle cycles synchronously, the cluster can reach its power down
65 state with a minimum power consumption and reduce the static leakage
66 to almost zero. However, these idle cycles injection will add extra
67 latencies as the CPUs will have to wakeup from a deep sleep state.
69 We use a fixed duration of idle injection that gives an acceptable
70 performance penalty and a fixed latency. Mitigation can be increased
71 or decreased by modulating the duty cycle of the idle injection.
79 |_______|_______________________|_______|___________
82 idle <---------------------->
85 <----------------------------->
89 The implementation of the cooling device bases the number of states on
90 the duty cycle percentage. When no mitigation is happening the cooling
91 device state is zero, meaning the duty cycle is 0%.
93 When the mitigation begins, depending on the governor's policy, a
94 starting state is selected. With a fixed idle duration and the duty
95 cycle (aka the cooling device state), the running duration can be
98 The governor will change the cooling device state thus the duty cycle
99 and this variation will modulate the cooling effect.
107 |_______|_______________|_______|___________
110 idle <-------------->
113 <--------------------->
121 |_______|_______|_______|___________
130 The idle injection duration value must comply with the constraints:
132 - It is less than or equal to the latency we tolerate when the
133 mitigation begins. It is platform dependent and will depend on the
134 user experience, reactivity vs performance trade off we want. This
135 value should be specified.
137 - It is greater than the idle state’s target residency we want to go
138 for thermal mitigation, otherwise we end up consuming more energy.
143 When we reach the thermal trip point, we have to sustain a specified
144 power for a specific temperature but at this time we consume::
146 Power = Capacitance x Voltage^2 x Frequency x Utilisation
148 ... which is more than the sustainable power (or there is something
149 wrong in the system setup). The ‘Capacitance’ and ‘Utilisation’ are a
150 fixed value, ‘Voltage’ and the ‘Frequency’ are fixed artificially
151 because we don’t want to change the OPP. We can group the
152 ‘Capacitance’ and the ‘Utilisation’ into a single term which is the
153 ‘Dynamic Power Coefficient (Cdyn)’ Simplifying the above, we have::
155 Pdyn = Cdyn x Voltage^2 x Frequency
157 The power allocator governor will ask us somehow to reduce our power
158 in order to target the sustainable power defined in the device
159 tree. So with the idle injection mechanism, we want an average power
160 (Ptarget) resulting in an amount of time running at full power on a
161 specific OPP and idle another amount of time. That could be put in a
164 P(opp)target = ((Trunning x (P(opp)running) + (Tidle x P(opp)idle)) /
169 Tidle = Trunning x ((P(opp)running / P(opp)target) - 1)
171 At this point if we know the running period for the CPU, that gives us
172 the idle injection we need. Alternatively if we have the idle
173 injection duration, we can compute the running duration with::
175 Trunning = Tidle / ((P(opp)running / P(opp)target) - 1)
177 Practically, if the running power is less than the targeted power, we
178 end up with a negative time value, so obviously the equation usage is
179 bound to a power reduction, hence a higher OPP is needed to have the
180 running power greater than the targeted power.
182 However, in this demonstration we ignore three aspects:
184 * The static leakage is not defined here, we can introduce it in the
185 equation but assuming it will be zero most of the time as it is
186 difficult to get the values from the SoC vendors
188 * The idle state wake up latency (or entry + exit latency) is not
189 taken into account, it must be added in the equation in order to
190 rigorously compute the idle injection
192 * The injected idle duration must be greater than the idle state
193 target residency, otherwise we end up consuming more energy and
194 potentially invert the mitigation effect
196 So the final equation is::
198 Trunning = (Tidle - Twakeup ) x
199 (((P(opp)dyn + P(opp)static ) - P(opp)target) / P(opp)target )