1 .. _writing-usb-driver:
3 ==========================
4 Writing USB Device Drivers
5 ==========================
7 :Author: Greg Kroah-Hartman
12 The Linux USB subsystem has grown from supporting only two different
13 types of devices in the 2.2.7 kernel (mice and keyboards), to over 20
14 different types of devices in the 2.4 kernel. Linux currently supports
15 almost all USB class devices (standard types of devices like keyboards,
16 mice, modems, printers and speakers) and an ever-growing number of
17 vendor-specific devices (such as USB to serial converters, digital
18 cameras, Ethernet devices and MP3 players). For a full list of the
19 different USB devices currently supported, see Resources.
21 The remaining kinds of USB devices that do not have support on Linux are
22 almost all vendor-specific devices. Each vendor decides to implement a
23 custom protocol to talk to their device, so a custom driver usually
24 needs to be created. Some vendors are open with their USB protocols and
25 help with the creation of Linux drivers, while others do not publish
26 them, and developers are forced to reverse-engineer. See Resources for
27 some links to handy reverse-engineering tools.
29 Because each different protocol causes a new driver to be created, I
30 have written a generic USB driver skeleton, modelled after the
31 pci-skeleton.c file in the kernel source tree upon which many PCI
32 network drivers have been based. This USB skeleton can be found at
33 drivers/usb/usb-skeleton.c in the kernel source tree. In this article I
34 will walk through the basics of the skeleton driver, explaining the
35 different pieces and what needs to be done to customize it to your
41 If you are going to write a Linux USB driver, please become familiar
42 with the USB protocol specification. It can be found, along with many
43 other useful documents, at the USB home page (see Resources). An
44 excellent introduction to the Linux USB subsystem can be found at the
45 USB Working Devices List (see Resources). It explains how the Linux USB
46 subsystem is structured and introduces the reader to the concept of USB
47 urbs (USB Request Blocks), which are essential to USB drivers.
49 The first thing a Linux USB driver needs to do is register itself with
50 the Linux USB subsystem, giving it some information about which devices
51 the driver supports and which functions to call when a device supported
52 by the driver is inserted or removed from the system. All of this
53 information is passed to the USB subsystem in the :c:type:`usb_driver`
54 structure. The skeleton driver declares a :c:type:`usb_driver` as::
56 static struct usb_driver skel_driver = {
59 .disconnect = skel_disconnect,
61 .minor = USB_SKEL_MINOR_BASE,
62 .id_table = skel_table,
66 The variable name is a string that describes the driver. It is used in
67 informational messages printed to the system log. The probe and
68 disconnect function pointers are called when a device that matches the
69 information provided in the ``id_table`` variable is either seen or
72 The fops and minor variables are optional. Most USB drivers hook into
73 another kernel subsystem, such as the SCSI, network or TTY subsystem.
74 These types of drivers register themselves with the other kernel
75 subsystem, and any user-space interactions are provided through that
76 interface. But for drivers that do not have a matching kernel subsystem,
77 such as MP3 players or scanners, a method of interacting with user space
78 is needed. The USB subsystem provides a way to register a minor device
79 number and a set of :c:type:`file_operations` function pointers that enable
80 this user-space interaction. The skeleton driver needs this kind of
81 interface, so it provides a minor starting number and a pointer to its
82 :c:type:`file_operations` functions.
84 The USB driver is then registered with a call to :c:func:`usb_register`,
85 usually in the driver's init function, as shown here::
87 static int __init usb_skel_init(void)
91 /* register this driver with the USB subsystem */
92 result = usb_register(&skel_driver);
94 err("usb_register failed for the "__FILE__ "driver."
95 "Error number %d", result);
101 module_init(usb_skel_init);
104 When the driver is unloaded from the system, it needs to deregister
105 itself with the USB subsystem. This is done with the :c:func:`usb_deregister`
108 static void __exit usb_skel_exit(void)
110 /* deregister this driver with the USB subsystem */
111 usb_deregister(&skel_driver);
113 module_exit(usb_skel_exit);
116 To enable the linux-hotplug system to load the driver automatically when
117 the device is plugged in, you need to create a ``MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE``.
118 The following code tells the hotplug scripts that this module supports a
119 single device with a specific vendor and product ID::
121 /* table of devices that work with this driver */
122 static struct usb_device_id skel_table [] = {
123 { USB_DEVICE(USB_SKEL_VENDOR_ID, USB_SKEL_PRODUCT_ID) },
124 { } /* Terminating entry */
126 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE (usb, skel_table);
129 There are other macros that can be used in describing a struct
130 :c:type:`usb_device_id` for drivers that support a whole class of USB
131 drivers. See :ref:`usb.h <usb_header>` for more information on this.
136 When a device is plugged into the USB bus that matches the device ID
137 pattern that your driver registered with the USB core, the probe
138 function is called. The :c:type:`usb_device` structure, interface number and
139 the interface ID are passed to the function::
141 static int skel_probe(struct usb_interface *interface,
142 const struct usb_device_id *id)
145 The driver now needs to verify that this device is actually one that it
146 can accept. If so, it returns 0. If not, or if any error occurs during
147 initialization, an errorcode (such as ``-ENOMEM`` or ``-ENODEV``) is
148 returned from the probe function.
150 In the skeleton driver, we determine what end points are marked as
151 bulk-in and bulk-out. We create buffers to hold the data that will be
152 sent and received from the device, and a USB urb to write data to the
153 device is initialized.
155 Conversely, when the device is removed from the USB bus, the disconnect
156 function is called with the device pointer. The driver needs to clean
157 any private data that has been allocated at this time and to shut down
158 any pending urbs that are in the USB system.
160 Now that the device is plugged into the system and the driver is bound
161 to the device, any of the functions in the :c:type:`file_operations` structure
162 that were passed to the USB subsystem will be called from a user program
163 trying to talk to the device. The first function called will be open, as
164 the program tries to open the device for I/O. We increment our private
165 usage count and save a pointer to our internal structure in the file
166 structure. This is done so that future calls to file operations will
167 enable the driver to determine which device the user is addressing. All
168 of this is done with the following code::
170 /* increment our usage count for the module */
173 /* save our object in the file's private structure */
174 file->private_data = dev;
177 After the open function is called, the read and write functions are
178 called to receive and send data to the device. In the ``skel_write``
179 function, we receive a pointer to some data that the user wants to send
180 to the device and the size of the data. The function determines how much
181 data it can send to the device based on the size of the write urb it has
182 created (this size depends on the size of the bulk out end point that
183 the device has). Then it copies the data from user space to kernel
184 space, points the urb to the data and submits the urb to the USB
185 subsystem. This can be seen in the following code::
187 /* we can only write as much as 1 urb will hold */
188 bytes_written = (count > skel->bulk_out_size) ? skel->bulk_out_size : count;
190 /* copy the data from user space into our urb */
191 copy_from_user(skel->write_urb->transfer_buffer, buffer, bytes_written);
194 usb_fill_bulk_urb(skel->write_urb,
196 usb_sndbulkpipe(skel->dev, skel->bulk_out_endpointAddr),
197 skel->write_urb->transfer_buffer,
199 skel_write_bulk_callback,
202 /* send the data out the bulk port */
203 result = usb_submit_urb(skel->write_urb);
205 err("Failed submitting write urb, error %d", result);
209 When the write urb is filled up with the proper information using the
210 :c:func:`usb_fill_bulk_urb` function, we point the urb's completion callback
211 to call our own ``skel_write_bulk_callback`` function. This function is
212 called when the urb is finished by the USB subsystem. The callback
213 function is called in interrupt context, so caution must be taken not to
214 do very much processing at that time. Our implementation of
215 ``skel_write_bulk_callback`` merely reports if the urb was completed
216 successfully or not and then returns.
218 The read function works a bit differently from the write function in
219 that we do not use an urb to transfer data from the device to the
220 driver. Instead we call the :c:func:`usb_bulk_msg` function, which can be used
221 to send or receive data from a device without having to create urbs and
222 handle urb completion callback functions. We call the :c:func:`usb_bulk_msg`
223 function, giving it a buffer into which to place any data received from
224 the device and a timeout value. If the timeout period expires without
225 receiving any data from the device, the function will fail and return an
226 error message. This can be shown with the following code::
228 /* do an immediate bulk read to get data from the device */
229 retval = usb_bulk_msg (skel->dev,
230 usb_rcvbulkpipe (skel->dev,
231 skel->bulk_in_endpointAddr),
232 skel->bulk_in_buffer,
235 /* if the read was successful, copy the data to user space */
237 if (copy_to_user (buffer, skel->bulk_in_buffer, count))
244 The :c:func:`usb_bulk_msg` function can be very useful for doing single reads
245 or writes to a device; however, if you need to read or write constantly to
246 a device, it is recommended to set up your own urbs and submit them to
249 When the user program releases the file handle that it has been using to
250 talk to the device, the release function in the driver is called. In
251 this function we decrement our private usage count and wait for possible
254 /* decrement our usage count for the device */
258 One of the more difficult problems that USB drivers must be able to
259 handle smoothly is the fact that the USB device may be removed from the
260 system at any point in time, even if a program is currently talking to
261 it. It needs to be able to shut down any current reads and writes and
262 notify the user-space programs that the device is no longer there. The
263 following code (function ``skel_delete``) is an example of how to do
266 static inline void skel_delete (struct usb_skel *dev)
268 kfree (dev->bulk_in_buffer);
269 if (dev->bulk_out_buffer != NULL)
270 usb_free_coherent (dev->udev, dev->bulk_out_size,
271 dev->bulk_out_buffer,
272 dev->write_urb->transfer_dma);
273 usb_free_urb (dev->write_urb);
278 If a program currently has an open handle to the device, we reset the
279 flag ``device_present``. For every read, write, release and other
280 functions that expect a device to be present, the driver first checks
281 this flag to see if the device is still present. If not, it releases
282 that the device has disappeared, and a ``-ENODEV`` error is returned to the
283 user-space program. When the release function is eventually called, it
284 determines if there is no device and if not, it does the cleanup that
285 the ``skel_disconnect`` function normally does if there are no open files
286 on the device (see Listing 5).
291 This usb-skeleton driver does not have any examples of interrupt or
292 isochronous data being sent to or from the device. Interrupt data is
293 sent almost exactly as bulk data is, with a few minor exceptions.
294 Isochronous data works differently with continuous streams of data being
295 sent to or from the device. The audio and video camera drivers are very
296 good examples of drivers that handle isochronous data and will be useful
297 if you also need to do this.
302 Writing Linux USB device drivers is not a difficult task as the
303 usb-skeleton driver shows. This driver, combined with the other current
304 USB drivers, should provide enough examples to help a beginning author
305 create a working driver in a minimal amount of time. The linux-usb-devel
306 mailing list archives also contain a lot of helpful information.
311 The Linux USB Project:
312 http://www.linux-usb.org/
314 Linux Hotplug Project:
315 http://linux-hotplug.sourceforge.net/
317 linux-usb Mailing List Archives:
318 https://lore.kernel.org/linux-usb/
320 Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers:
321 https://lmu.web.psi.ch/docu/manuals/software_manuals/linux_sl/usb_linux_programming_guide.pdf
323 USB Home Page: https://www.usb.org