1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
7 EINJ provides a hardware error injection mechanism. It is very useful
8 for debugging and testing APEI and RAS features in general.
10 You need to check whether your BIOS supports EINJ first. For that, look
11 for early boot messages similar to this one::
13 ACPI: EINJ 0x000000007370A000 000150 (v01 INTEL 00000001 INTL 00000001)
15 which shows that the BIOS is exposing an EINJ table - it is the
16 mechanism through which the injection is done.
18 Alternatively, look in /sys/firmware/acpi/tables for an "EINJ" file,
19 which is a different representation of the same thing.
21 It doesn't necessarily mean that EINJ is not supported if those above
22 don't exist: before you give up, go into BIOS setup to see if the BIOS
23 has an option to enable error injection. Look for something called WHEA
24 or similar. Often, you need to enable an ACPI5 support option prior, in
25 order to see the APEI,EINJ,... functionality supported and exposed by
28 To use EINJ, make sure the following are options enabled in your kernel
35 The EINJ user interface is in <debugfs mount point>/apei/einj.
37 The following files belong to it:
39 - available_error_type
41 This file shows which error types are supported:
43 ================ ===================================
44 Error Type Value Error Description
45 ================ ===================================
46 0x00000001 Processor Correctable
47 0x00000002 Processor Uncorrectable non-fatal
48 0x00000004 Processor Uncorrectable fatal
49 0x00000008 Memory Correctable
50 0x00000010 Memory Uncorrectable non-fatal
51 0x00000020 Memory Uncorrectable fatal
52 0x00000040 PCI Express Correctable
53 0x00000080 PCI Express Uncorrectable fatal
54 0x00000100 PCI Express Uncorrectable non-fatal
55 0x00000200 Platform Correctable
56 0x00000400 Platform Uncorrectable non-fatal
57 0x00000800 Platform Uncorrectable fatal
58 ================ ===================================
60 The format of the file contents are as above, except present are only
61 the available error types.
65 Set the value of the error type being injected. Possible error types
66 are defined in the file available_error_type above.
70 Write any integer to this file to trigger the error injection. Make
71 sure you have specified all necessary error parameters, i.e. this
72 write should be the last step when injecting errors.
76 Present for kernel versions 3.13 and above. Used to specify which
77 of param{1..4} are valid and should be used by the firmware during
78 injection. Value is a bitmask as specified in ACPI5.0 spec for the
79 SET_ERROR_TYPE_WITH_ADDRESS data structure:
82 Processor APIC field valid (see param3 below).
84 Memory address and mask valid (param1 and param2).
86 PCIe (seg,bus,dev,fn) valid (see param4 below).
88 If set to zero, legacy behavior is mimicked where the type of
89 injection specifies just one bit set, and param1 is multiplexed.
93 This file is used to set the first error parameter value. Its effect
94 depends on the error type specified in error_type. For example, if
95 error type is memory related type, the param1 should be a valid
96 physical memory address. [Unless "flag" is set - see above]
100 Same use as param1 above. For example, if error type is of memory
101 related type, then param2 should be a physical memory address mask.
102 Linux requires page or narrower granularity, say, 0xfffffffffffff000.
106 Used when the 0x1 bit is set in "flags" to specify the APIC id
109 Used when the 0x4 bit is set in "flags" to specify target PCIe device
113 The error injection mechanism is a two-step process. First inject the
114 error, then perform some actions to trigger it. Setting "notrigger"
115 to 1 skips the trigger phase, which *may* allow the user to cause the
116 error in some other context by a simple access to the CPU, memory
117 location, or device that is the target of the error injection. Whether
118 this actually works depends on what operations the BIOS actually
119 includes in the trigger phase.
121 BIOS versions based on the ACPI 4.0 specification have limited options
122 in controlling where the errors are injected. Your BIOS may support an
123 extension (enabled with the param_extension=1 module parameter, or boot
124 command line einj.param_extension=1). This allows the address and mask
125 for memory injections to be specified by the param1 and param2 files in
128 BIOS versions based on the ACPI 5.0 specification have more control over
129 the target of the injection. For processor-related errors (type 0x1, 0x2
130 and 0x4), you can set flags to 0x3 (param3 for bit 0, and param1 and
131 param2 for bit 1) so that you have more information added to the error
132 signature being injected. The actual data passed is this::
134 memory_address = param1;
135 memory_address_range = param2;
139 For memory errors (type 0x8, 0x10 and 0x20) the address is set using
140 param1 with a mask in param2 (0x0 is equivalent to all ones). For PCI
141 express errors (type 0x40, 0x80 and 0x100) the segment, bus, device and
142 function are specified using param1::
144 31 24 23 16 15 11 10 8 7 0
145 +-------------------------------------------------+
146 | segment | bus | device | function | reserved |
147 +-------------------------------------------------+
149 Anyway, you get the idea, if there's doubt just take a look at the code
150 in drivers/acpi/apei/einj.c.
152 An ACPI 5.0 BIOS may also allow vendor-specific errors to be injected.
153 In this case a file named vendor will contain identifying information
154 from the BIOS that hopefully will allow an application wishing to use
155 the vendor-specific extension to tell that they are running on a BIOS
156 that supports it. All vendor extensions have the 0x80000000 bit set in
157 error_type. A file vendor_flags controls the interpretation of param1
158 and param2 (1 = PROCESSOR, 2 = MEMORY, 4 = PCI). See your BIOS vendor
159 documentation for details (and expect changes to this API if vendors
160 creativity in using this feature expands beyond our expectations).
163 An error injection example::
165 # cd /sys/kernel/debug/apei/einj
166 # cat available_error_type # See which errors can be injected
167 0x00000002 Processor Uncorrectable non-fatal
168 0x00000008 Memory Correctable
169 0x00000010 Memory Uncorrectable non-fatal
170 # echo 0x12345000 > param1 # Set memory address for injection
171 # echo $((-1 << 12)) > param2 # Mask 0xfffffffffffff000 - anywhere in this page
172 # echo 0x8 > error_type # Choose correctable memory error
173 # echo 1 > error_inject # Inject now
175 You should see something like this in dmesg::
177 [22715.830801] EDAC sbridge MC3: HANDLING MCE MEMORY ERROR
178 [22715.834759] EDAC sbridge MC3: CPU 0: Machine Check Event: 0 Bank 7: 8c00004000010090
179 [22715.834759] EDAC sbridge MC3: TSC 0
180 [22715.834759] EDAC sbridge MC3: ADDR 12345000 EDAC sbridge MC3: MISC 144780c86
181 [22715.834759] EDAC sbridge MC3: PROCESSOR 0:306e7 TIME 1422553404 SOCKET 0 APIC 0
182 [22716.616173] EDAC MC3: 1 CE memory read error on CPU_SrcID#0_Channel#0_DIMM#0 (channel:0 slot:0 page:0x12345 offset:0x0 grain:32 syndrome:0x0 - area:DRAM err_code:0001:0090 socket:0 channel_mask:1 rank:0)
184 For more information about EINJ, please refer to ACPI specification
185 version 4.0, section 17.5 and ACPI 5.0, section 18.6.