1 ======================================
2 Coresight - HW Assisted Tracing on ARM
3 ======================================
5 :Author: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
6 :Date: September 11th, 2014
11 Coresight is an umbrella of technologies allowing for the debugging of ARM
12 based SoC. It includes solutions for JTAG and HW assisted tracing. This
13 document is concerned with the latter.
15 HW assisted tracing is becoming increasingly useful when dealing with systems
16 that have many SoCs and other components like GPU and DMA engines. ARM has
17 developed a HW assisted tracing solution by means of different components, each
18 being added to a design at synthesis time to cater to specific tracing needs.
19 Components are generally categorised as source, link and sinks and are
20 (usually) discovered using the AMBA bus.
22 "Sources" generate a compressed stream representing the processor instruction
23 path based on tracing scenarios as configured by users. From there the stream
24 flows through the coresight system (via ATB bus) using links that are connecting
25 the emanating source to a sink(s). Sinks serve as endpoints to the coresight
26 implementation, either storing the compressed stream in a memory buffer or
27 creating an interface to the outside world where data can be transferred to a
28 host without fear of filling up the onboard coresight memory buffer.
30 At typical coresight system would look like this::
32 *****************************************************************
33 **************************** AMBA AXI ****************************===||
34 ***************************************************************** ||
37 0000000 ::::: 0000000 ::::: ::::: @@@@@@@ ||||||||||||
38 0 CPU 0<-->: C : 0 CPU 0<-->: C : : C : @ STM @ || System ||
39 |->0000000 : T : |->0000000 : T : : T :<--->@@@@@ || Memory ||
40 | #######<-->: I : | #######<-->: I : : I : @@@<-| ||||||||||||
41 | # ETM # ::::: | # PTM # ::::: ::::: @ |
42 | ##### ^ ^ | ##### ^ ! ^ ! . | |||||||||
43 | |->### | ! | |->### | ! | ! . | || DAP ||
44 | | # | ! | | # | ! | ! . | |||||||||
45 | | . | ! | | . | ! | ! . | | |
46 | | . | ! | | . | ! | ! . | | *
47 | | . | ! | | . | ! | ! . | | SWD/
48 | | . | ! | | . | ! | ! . | | JTAG
49 *****************************************************************<-|
50 *************************** AMBA Debug APB ************************
51 *****************************************************************
54 *****************************************************************
55 ******************** Cross Trigger Matrix (CTM) *******************
56 *****************************************************************
59 *****************************************************************
60 ****************** AMBA Advanced Trace Bus (ATB) ******************
61 *****************************************************************
63 | * ===== F =====<---------|
64 | ::::::::: ==== U ====
65 |-->:: CTI ::<!! === N ===
68 | ! &&&&&&&&& IIIIIII == L ==
69 |------>&& ETB &&<......II I =======
72 | ! I REP I<..........
74 | !!>&&&&&&&&& II I *Source: ARM ltd.
75 |------>& TPIU &<......II I DAP = Debug Access Port
76 &&&&&&&&& IIIIIII ETM = Embedded Trace Macrocell
77 ; PTM = Program Trace Macrocell
78 ; CTI = Cross Trigger Interface
79 * ETB = Embedded Trace Buffer
80 To trace port TPIU= Trace Port Interface Unit
81 SWD = Serial Wire Debug
83 While on target configuration of the components is done via the APB bus,
84 all trace data are carried out-of-band on the ATB bus. The CTM provides
85 a way to aggregate and distribute signals between CoreSight components.
87 The coresight framework provides a central point to represent, configure and
88 manage coresight devices on a platform. This first implementation centers on
89 the basic tracing functionality, enabling components such ETM/PTM, funnel,
90 replicator, TMC, TPIU and ETB. Future work will enable more
91 intricate IP blocks such as STM and CTI.
94 Acronyms and Classification
95 ---------------------------
100 Program Trace Macrocell
102 Embedded Trace Macrocell
104 System trace Macrocell
106 Embedded Trace Buffer
108 Instrumentation Trace Macrocell
110 Trace Port Interface Unit
112 Trace Memory Controller, configured as Embedded Trace Router
114 Trace Memory Controller, configured as Embedded Trace FIFO
116 Cross Trigger Interface
121 ETMv3.x ETMv4, PTMv1.0, PTMv1.1, STM, STM500, ITM
123 Funnel, replicator (intelligent or not), TMC-ETR
125 ETBv1.0, ETB1.1, TPIU, TMC-ETF
133 See Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/coresight.txt for details.
135 As of this writing drivers for ITM, STMs and CTIs are not provided but are
136 expected to be added as the solution matures.
139 Framework and implementation
140 ----------------------------
142 The coresight framework provides a central point to represent, configure and
143 manage coresight devices on a platform. Any coresight compliant device can
144 register with the framework for as long as they use the right APIs:
146 .. c:function:: struct coresight_device *coresight_register(struct coresight_desc *desc);
147 .. c:function:: void coresight_unregister(struct coresight_device *csdev);
149 The registering function is taking a ``struct coresight_desc *desc`` and
150 register the device with the core framework. The unregister function takes
151 a reference to a ``struct coresight_device *csdev`` obtained at registration time.
153 If everything goes well during the registration process the new devices will
154 show up under /sys/bus/coresight/devices, as showns here for a TC2 platform::
156 root:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/
157 replicator 20030000.tpiu 2201c000.ptm 2203c000.etm 2203e000.etm
158 20010000.etb 20040000.funnel 2201d000.ptm 2203d000.etm
161 The functions take a ``struct coresight_device``, which looks like this::
163 struct coresight_desc {
164 enum coresight_dev_type type;
165 struct coresight_dev_subtype subtype;
166 const struct coresight_ops *ops;
167 struct coresight_platform_data *pdata;
169 const struct attribute_group **groups;
173 The "coresight_dev_type" identifies what the device is, i.e, source link or
174 sink while the "coresight_dev_subtype" will characterise that type further.
176 The ``struct coresight_ops`` is mandatory and will tell the framework how to
177 perform base operations related to the components, each component having
178 a different set of requirement. For that ``struct coresight_ops_sink``,
179 ``struct coresight_ops_link`` and ``struct coresight_ops_source`` have been
182 The next field ``struct coresight_platform_data *pdata`` is acquired by calling
183 ``of_get_coresight_platform_data()``, as part of the driver's _probe routine and
184 ``struct device *dev`` gets the device reference embedded in the ``amba_device``::
186 static int etm_probe(struct amba_device *adev, const struct amba_id *id)
190 drvdata->dev = &adev->dev;
194 Specific class of device (source, link, or sink) have generic operations
195 that can be performed on them (see ``struct coresight_ops``). The ``**groups``
196 is a list of sysfs entries pertaining to operations
197 specific to that component only. "Implementation defined" customisations are
198 expected to be accessed and controlled using those entries.
203 The devices that appear on the "coresight" bus were named the same as their
204 parent devices, i.e, the real devices that appears on AMBA bus or the platform bus.
205 Thus the names were based on the Linux Open Firmware layer naming convention,
206 which follows the base physical address of the device followed by the device
209 root:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/
210 20010000.etf 20040000.funnel 20100000.stm 22040000.etm
211 22140000.etm 230c0000.funnel 23240000.etm 20030000.tpiu
212 20070000.etr 20120000.replicator 220c0000.funnel
213 23040000.etm 23140000.etm 23340000.etm
215 However, with the introduction of ACPI support, the names of the real
216 devices are a bit cryptic and non-obvious. Thus, a new naming scheme was
217 introduced to use more generic names based on the type of the device. The
218 following rules apply::
220 1) Devices that are bound to CPUs, are named based on the CPU logical
223 e.g, ETM bound to CPU0 is named "etm0"
225 2) All other devices follow a pattern, "<device_type_prefix>N", where :
227 <device_type_prefix> - A prefix specific to the type of the device
228 N - a sequential number assigned based on the order
231 e.g, tmc_etf0, tmc_etr0, funnel0, funnel1
233 Thus, with the new scheme the devices could appear as ::
235 root:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/
236 etm0 etm1 etm2 etm3 etm4 etm5 funnel0
237 funnel1 funnel2 replicator0 stm0 tmc_etf0 tmc_etr0 tpiu0
239 Some of the examples below might refer to old naming scheme and some
240 to the newer scheme, to give a confirmation that what you see on your
241 system is not unexpected. One must use the "names" as they appear on
242 the system under specified locations.
244 Topology Representation
245 -----------------------
247 Each CoreSight component has a ``connections`` directory which will contain
248 links to other CoreSight components. This allows the user to explore the trace
249 topology and for larger systems, determine the most appropriate sink for a
250 given source. The connection information can also be used to establish
251 which CTI devices are connected to a given component. This directory contains a
252 ``nr_links`` attribute detailing the number of links in the directory.
254 For an ETM source, in this case ``etm0`` on a Juno platform, a typical
255 arrangement will be::
257 linaro-developer:~# ls - l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/etm0/connections
258 <file details> cti_cpu0 -> ../../../23020000.cti/cti_cpu0
259 <file details> nr_links
260 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../230c0000.funnel/funnel2
262 Following the out port to ``funnel2``::
264 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/funnel2/connections
265 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../23040000.etm/etm0
266 <file details> in:1 -> ../../../23140000.etm/etm3
267 <file details> in:2 -> ../../../23240000.etm/etm4
268 <file details> in:3 -> ../../../23340000.etm/etm5
269 <file details> nr_links
270 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20040000.funnel/funnel0
272 And again to ``funnel0``::
274 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/funnel0/connections
275 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../220c0000.funnel/funnel1
276 <file details> in:1 -> ../../../230c0000.funnel/funnel2
277 <file details> nr_links
278 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20010000.etf/tmc_etf0
280 Finding the first sink ``tmc_etf0``. This can be used to collect data
281 as a sink, or as a link to propagate further along the chain::
283 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/tmc_etf0/connections
284 <file details> cti_sys0 -> ../../../20020000.cti/cti_sys0
285 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../20040000.funnel/funnel0
286 <file details> nr_links
287 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20150000.funnel/funnel4
291 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/funnel4/connections
292 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../20010000.etf/tmc_etf0
293 <file details> in:1 -> ../../../20140000.etf/tmc_etf1
294 <file details> nr_links
295 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20120000.replicator/replicator0
297 and a ``replicator0``::
299 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/replicator0/connections
300 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../20150000.funnel/funnel4
301 <file details> nr_links
302 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20030000.tpiu/tpiu0
303 <file details> out:1 -> ../../../20070000.etr/tmc_etr0
305 Arriving at the final sink in the chain, ``tmc_etr0``::
307 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/tmc_etr0/connections
308 <file details> cti_sys0 -> ../../../20020000.cti/cti_sys0
309 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../20120000.replicator/replicator0
310 <file details> nr_links
312 As described below, when using sysfs it is sufficient to enable a sink and
313 a source for successful trace. The framework will correctly enable all
314 intermediate links as required.
316 Note: ``cti_sys0`` appears in two of the connections lists above.
317 CTIs can connect to multiple devices and are arranged in a star topology
318 via the CTM. See (:doc:`coresight-ect`) [#fourth]_ for further details.
319 Looking at this device we see 4 connections::
321 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/cti_sys0/connections
322 <file details> nr_links
323 <file details> stm0 -> ../../../20100000.stm/stm0
324 <file details> tmc_etf0 -> ../../../20010000.etf/tmc_etf0
325 <file details> tmc_etr0 -> ../../../20070000.etr/tmc_etr0
326 <file details> tpiu0 -> ../../../20030000.tpiu/tpiu0
329 How to use the tracer modules
330 -----------------------------
332 There are two ways to use the Coresight framework:
334 1. using the perf cmd line tools.
335 2. interacting directly with the Coresight devices using the sysFS interface.
337 Preference is given to the former as using the sysFS interface
338 requires a deep understanding of the Coresight HW. The following sections
339 provide details on using both methods.
341 1) Using the sysFS interface:
343 Before trace collection can start, a coresight sink needs to be identified.
344 There is no limit on the amount of sinks (nor sources) that can be enabled at
345 any given moment. As a generic operation, all device pertaining to the sink
346 class will have an "active" entry in sysfs::
348 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# ls
349 replicator 20030000.tpiu 2201c000.ptm 2203c000.etm 2203e000.etm
350 20010000.etb 20040000.funnel 2201d000.ptm 2203d000.etm
351 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# ls 20010000.etb
352 enable_sink status trigger_cntr
353 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# echo 1 > 20010000.etb/enable_sink
354 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# cat 20010000.etb/enable_sink
356 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices#
358 At boot time the current etm3x driver will configure the first address
359 comparator with "_stext" and "_etext", essentially tracing any instruction
360 that falls within that range. As such "enabling" a source will immediately
361 trigger a trace capture::
363 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# echo 1 > 2201c000.ptm/enable_source
364 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# cat 2201c000.ptm/enable_source
366 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# cat 20010000.etb/status
370 RAM wrt ptr: 0x19d3 <----- The write pointer is moving
375 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices#
377 Trace collection is stopped the same way::
379 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# echo 0 > 2201c000.ptm/enable_source
380 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices#
382 The content of the ETB buffer can be harvested directly from /dev::
384 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# dd if=/dev/20010000.etb \
388 32768 bytes (33 kB) copied, 0.00125258 s, 26.2 MB/s
389 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices#
391 The file cstrace.bin can be decompressed using "ptm2human", DS-5 or Trace32.
393 Following is a DS-5 output of an experimental loop that increments a variable up
394 to a certain value. The example is simple and yet provides a glimpse of the
395 wealth of possibilities that coresight provides.
399 Instruction 106378866 0x8026B53C E52DE004 false PUSH {lr}
400 Instruction 0 0x8026B540 E24DD00C false SUB sp,sp,#0xc
401 Instruction 0 0x8026B544 E3A03000 false MOV r3,#0
402 Instruction 0 0x8026B548 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4]
403 Instruction 0 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4]
404 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4
405 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1
406 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4]
407 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c
408 Timestamp Timestamp: 17106715833
409 Instruction 319 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4]
410 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4
411 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1
412 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4]
413 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c
414 Instruction 9 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4]
415 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4
416 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1
417 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4]
418 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c
419 Instruction 7 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4]
420 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4
421 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1
422 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4]
423 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c
424 Instruction 7 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4]
425 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4
426 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1
427 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4]
428 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c
429 Instruction 10 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4]
430 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4
431 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1
432 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4]
433 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c
434 Instruction 6 0x8026B560 EE1D3F30 false MRC p15,#0x0,r3,c13,c0,#1
435 Instruction 0 0x8026B564 E1A0100D false MOV r1,sp
436 Instruction 0 0x8026B568 E3C12D7F false BIC r2,r1,#0x1fc0
437 Instruction 0 0x8026B56C E3C2203F false BIC r2,r2,#0x3f
438 Instruction 0 0x8026B570 E59D1004 false LDR r1,[sp,#4]
439 Instruction 0 0x8026B574 E59F0010 false LDR r0,[pc,#16] ; [0x8026B58C] = 0x80550368
440 Instruction 0 0x8026B578 E592200C false LDR r2,[r2,#0xc]
441 Instruction 0 0x8026B57C E59221D0 false LDR r2,[r2,#0x1d0]
442 Instruction 0 0x8026B580 EB07A4CF true BL {pc}+0x1e9344 ; 0x804548c4
444 Instruction 13570831 0x8026B584 E28DD00C false ADD sp,sp,#0xc
445 Instruction 0 0x8026B588 E8BD8000 true LDM sp!,{pc}
446 Timestamp Timestamp: 17107041535
448 2) Using perf framework:
450 Coresight tracers are represented using the Perf framework's Performance
451 Monitoring Unit (PMU) abstraction. As such the perf framework takes charge of
452 controlling when tracing gets enabled based on when the process of interest is
453 scheduled. When configured in a system, Coresight PMUs will be listed when
454 queried by the perf command line tool:
456 linaro@linaro-nano:~$ ./perf list pmu
458 List of pre-defined events (to be used in -e):
460 cs_etm// [Kernel PMU event]
462 linaro@linaro-nano:~$
464 Regardless of the number of tracers available in a system (usually equal to the
465 amount of processor cores), the "cs_etm" PMU will be listed only once.
467 A Coresight PMU works the same way as any other PMU, i.e the name of the PMU is
468 listed along with configuration options within forward slashes '/'. Since a
469 Coresight system will typically have more than one sink, the name of the sink to
470 work with needs to be specified as an event option.
471 On newer kernels the available sinks are listed in sysFS under
472 ($SYSFS)/bus/event_source/devices/cs_etm/sinks/::
474 root@localhost:/sys/bus/event_source/devices/cs_etm/sinks# ls
475 tmc_etf0 tmc_etr0 tpiu0
477 On older kernels, this may need to be found from the list of coresight devices,
478 available under ($SYSFS)/bus/coresight/devices/::
480 root:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/
481 etm0 etm1 etm2 etm3 etm4 etm5 funnel0
482 funnel1 funnel2 replicator0 stm0 tmc_etf0 tmc_etr0 tpiu0
483 root@linaro-nano:~# perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --per-thread program
485 As mentioned above in section "Device Naming scheme", the names of the devices could
486 look different from what is used in the example above. One must use the device names
487 as it appears under the sysFS.
489 The syntax within the forward slashes '/' is important. The '@' character
490 tells the parser that a sink is about to be specified and that this is the sink
491 to use for the trace session.
493 More information on the above and other example on how to use Coresight with
494 the perf tools can be found in the "HOWTO.md" file of the openCSD gitHub
495 repository [#third]_.
497 2.1) AutoFDO analysis using the perf tools:
499 perf can be used to record and analyze trace of programs.
501 Execution can be recorded using 'perf record' with the cs_etm event,
502 specifying the name of the sink to record to, e.g::
504 perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --per-thread
506 The 'perf report' and 'perf script' commands can be used to analyze execution,
507 synthesizing instruction and branch events from the instruction trace.
508 'perf inject' can be used to replace the trace data with the synthesized events.
509 The --itrace option controls the type and frequency of synthesized events
510 (see perf documentation).
512 Note that only 64-bit programs are currently supported - further work is
513 required to support instruction decode of 32-bit Arm programs.
516 Generating coverage files for Feedback Directed Optimization: AutoFDO
517 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
519 'perf inject' accepts the --itrace option in which case tracing data is
520 removed and replaced with the synthesized events. e.g.
523 perf inject --itrace --strip -i perf.data -o perf.data.new
525 Below is an example of using ARM ETM for autoFDO. It requires autofdo
526 (https://github.com/google/autofdo) and gcc version 5. The bubble
527 sort example is from the AutoFDO tutorial (https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/AutoFDO/Tutorial).
530 $ gcc-5 -O3 sort.c -o sort
531 $ taskset -c 2 ./sort
532 Bubble sorting array of 30000 elements
535 $ perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --per-thread taskset -c 2 ./sort
536 Bubble sorting array of 30000 elements
538 [ perf record: Woken up 35 times to write data ]
539 [ perf record: Captured and wrote 69.640 MB perf.data ]
541 $ perf inject -i perf.data -o inj.data --itrace=il64 --strip
542 $ create_gcov --binary=./sort --profile=inj.data --gcov=sort.gcov -gcov_version=1
543 $ gcc-5 -O3 -fauto-profile=sort.gcov sort.c -o sort_autofdo
544 $ taskset -c 2 ./sort_autofdo
545 Bubble sorting array of 30000 elements
549 How to use the STM module
550 -------------------------
552 Using the System Trace Macrocell module is the same as the tracers - the only
553 difference is that clients are driving the trace capture rather
554 than the program flow through the code.
556 As with any other CoreSight component, specifics about the STM tracer can be
557 found in sysfs with more information on each entry being found in [#first]_::
559 root@genericarmv8:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/stm0
560 enable_source hwevent_select port_enable subsystem uevent
561 hwevent_enable mgmt port_select traceid
564 Like any other source a sink needs to be identified and the STM enabled before
567 root@genericarmv8:~# echo 1 > /sys/bus/coresight/devices/tmc_etf0/enable_sink
568 root@genericarmv8:~# echo 1 > /sys/bus/coresight/devices/stm0/enable_source
570 From there user space applications can request and use channels using the devfs
571 interface provided for that purpose by the generic STM API::
573 root@genericarmv8:~# ls -l /dev/stm0
574 crw------- 1 root root 10, 61 Jan 3 18:11 /dev/stm0
577 Details on how to use the generic STM API can be found here:- :doc:`../stm` [#second]_.
579 The CTI & CTM Modules
580 ---------------------
582 The CTI (Cross Trigger Interface) provides a set of trigger signals between
583 individual CTIs and components, and can propagate these between all CTIs via
584 channels on the CTM (Cross Trigger Matrix).
586 A separate documentation file is provided to explain the use of these devices.
587 (:doc:`coresight-ect`) [#fourth]_.
590 .. [#first] Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-coresight-devices-stm
592 .. [#second] Documentation/trace/stm.rst
594 .. [#third] https://github.com/Linaro/perf-opencsd
596 .. [#fourth] Documentation/trace/coresight/coresight-ect.rst