1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GFDL-1.1-no-invariants-or-later
3 ********************************
4 Detailed Colorspace Descriptions
5 ********************************
10 Colorspace SMPTE 170M (V4L2_COLORSPACE_SMPTE170M)
11 =================================================
13 The :ref:`smpte170m` standard defines the colorspace used by NTSC and
14 PAL and by SDTV in general. The default transfer function is
15 ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_709``. The default Y'CbCr encoding is
16 ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601``. The default Y'CbCr quantization is limited
17 range. The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white reference
22 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
24 .. flat-table:: SMPTE 170M Chromaticities
41 * - White Reference (D65)
46 The red, green and blue chromaticities are also often referred to as the
47 SMPTE C set, so this colorspace is sometimes called SMPTE C as well.
49 The transfer function defined for SMPTE 170M is the same as the one
54 L' = -1.099(-L)^{0.45} + 0.099 \text{, for } L \le-0.018
56 L' = 4.5L \text{, for } -0.018 < L < 0.018
58 L' = 1.099L^{0.45} - 0.099 \text{, for } L \ge 0.018
60 Inverse Transfer function:
64 L = -\left( \frac{L' - 0.099}{-1.099} \right) ^{\frac{1}{0.45}} \text{, for } L' \le -0.081
66 L = \frac{L'}{4.5} \text{, for } -0.081 < L' < 0.081
68 L = \left(\frac{L' + 0.099}{1.099}\right)^{\frac{1}{0.45} } \text{, for } L' \ge 0.081
70 The luminance (Y') and color difference (Cb and Cr) are obtained with
71 the following ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601`` encoding:
75 Y' = 0.2990R' + 0.5870G' + 0.1140B'
77 Cb = -0.1687R' - 0.3313G' + 0.5B'
79 Cr = 0.5R' - 0.4187G' - 0.0813B'
81 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the range
82 [-0.5…0.5]. This conversion to Y'CbCr is identical to the one defined in
83 the :ref:`itu601` standard and this colorspace is sometimes called
84 BT.601 as well, even though BT.601 does not mention any color primaries.
86 The default quantization is limited range, but full range is possible
92 Colorspace Rec. 709 (V4L2_COLORSPACE_REC709)
93 ============================================
95 The :ref:`itu709` standard defines the colorspace used by HDTV in
96 general. The default transfer function is ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_709``. The
97 default Y'CbCr encoding is ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_709``. The default Y'CbCr
98 quantization is limited range. The chromaticities of the primary colors
99 and the white reference are:
103 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
105 .. flat-table:: Rec. 709 Chromaticities
122 * - White Reference (D65)
127 The full name of this standard is Rec. ITU-R BT.709-5.
129 Transfer function. Normally L is in the range [0…1], but for the
130 extended gamut xvYCC encoding values outside that range are allowed.
134 L' = -1.099(-L)^{0.45} + 0.099 \text{, for } L \le -0.018
136 L' = 4.5L \text{, for } -0.018 < L < 0.018
138 L' = 1.099L^{0.45} - 0.099 \text{, for } L \ge 0.018
140 Inverse Transfer function:
144 L = -\left( \frac{L' - 0.099}{-1.099} \right)^\frac{1}{0.45} \text{, for } L' \le -0.081
146 L = \frac{L'}{4.5}\text{, for } -0.081 < L' < 0.081
148 L = \left(\frac{L' + 0.099}{1.099}\right)^{\frac{1}{0.45} } \text{, for } L' \ge 0.081
150 The luminance (Y') and color difference (Cb and Cr) are obtained with
151 the following ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_709`` encoding:
155 Y' = 0.2126R' + 0.7152G' + 0.0722B'
157 Cb = -0.1146R' - 0.3854G' + 0.5B'
159 Cr = 0.5R' - 0.4542G' - 0.0458B'
161 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the range
164 The default quantization is limited range, but full range is possible
165 although rarely seen.
167 The ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_709`` encoding described above is the default for
168 this colorspace, but it can be overridden with ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601``,
169 in which case the BT.601 Y'CbCr encoding is used.
171 Two additional extended gamut Y'CbCr encodings are also possible with
174 The xvYCC 709 encoding (``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_XV709``, :ref:`xvycc`) is
175 similar to the Rec. 709 encoding, but it allows for R', G' and B' values
176 that are outside the range [0…1]. The resulting Y', Cb and Cr values are
177 scaled and offset according to the limited range formula:
181 Y' = \frac{219}{256} * (0.2126R' + 0.7152G' + 0.0722B') + \frac{16}{256}
183 Cb = \frac{224}{256} * (-0.1146R' - 0.3854G' + 0.5B')
185 Cr = \frac{224}{256} * (0.5R' - 0.4542G' - 0.0458B')
187 The xvYCC 601 encoding (``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_XV601``, :ref:`xvycc`) is
188 similar to the BT.601 encoding, but it allows for R', G' and B' values
189 that are outside the range [0…1]. The resulting Y', Cb and Cr values are
190 scaled and offset according to the limited range formula:
194 Y' = \frac{219}{256} * (0.2990R' + 0.5870G' + 0.1140B') + \frac{16}{256}
196 Cb = \frac{224}{256} * (-0.1687R' - 0.3313G' + 0.5B')
198 Cr = \frac{224}{256} * (0.5R' - 0.4187G' - 0.0813B')
200 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the range
201 [-0.5…0.5] and quantized without further scaling or offsets.
202 The non-standard xvYCC 709 or xvYCC 601 encodings can be
203 used by selecting ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_XV709`` or ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_XV601``.
204 As seen by the xvYCC formulas these encodings always use limited range quantization,
205 there is no full range variant. The whole point of these extended gamut encodings
206 is that values outside the limited range are still valid, although they
207 map to R', G' and B' values outside the [0…1] range and are therefore outside
208 the Rec. 709 colorspace gamut.
213 Colorspace sRGB (V4L2_COLORSPACE_SRGB)
214 ======================================
216 The :ref:`srgb` standard defines the colorspace used by most webcams
217 and computer graphics. The default transfer function is
218 ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_SRGB``. The default Y'CbCr encoding is
219 ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601``. The default Y'CbCr quantization is limited range.
221 Note that the :ref:`sycc` standard specifies full range quantization,
222 however all current capture hardware supported by the kernel convert
223 R'G'B' to limited range Y'CbCr. So choosing full range as the default
224 would break how applications interpret the quantization range.
226 The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white reference are:
230 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
232 .. flat-table:: sRGB Chromaticities
249 * - White Reference (D65)
254 These chromaticities are identical to the Rec. 709 colorspace.
256 Transfer function. Note that negative values for L are only used by the
261 L' = -1.055(-L)^{\frac{1}{2.4} } + 0.055\text{, for }L < -0.0031308
263 L' = 12.92L\text{, for }-0.0031308 \le L \le 0.0031308
265 L' = 1.055L ^{\frac{1}{2.4} } - 0.055\text{, for }0.0031308 < L \le 1
267 Inverse Transfer function:
271 L = -((-L' + 0.055) / 1.055) ^{2.4}\text{, for }L' < -0.04045
273 L = L' / 12.92\text{, for }-0.04045 \le L' \le 0.04045
275 L = ((L' + 0.055) / 1.055) ^{2.4}\text{, for }L' > 0.04045
277 The luminance (Y') and color difference (Cb and Cr) are obtained with
278 the following ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601`` encoding as defined by :ref:`sycc`:
282 Y' = 0.2990R' + 0.5870G' + 0.1140B'
284 Cb = -0.1687R' - 0.3313G' + 0.5B'
286 Cr = 0.5R' - 0.4187G' - 0.0813B'
288 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the range
289 [-0.5…0.5]. This transform is identical to one defined in SMPTE
290 170M/BT.601. The Y'CbCr quantization is limited range.
295 Colorspace opRGB (V4L2_COLORSPACE_OPRGB)
296 ===============================================
298 The :ref:`oprgb` standard defines the colorspace used by computer
299 graphics that use the opRGB colorspace. The default transfer function is
300 ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_OPRGB``. The default Y'CbCr encoding is
301 ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601``. The default Y'CbCr quantization is limited
304 Note that the :ref:`oprgb` standard specifies full range quantization,
305 however all current capture hardware supported by the kernel convert
306 R'G'B' to limited range Y'CbCr. So choosing full range as the default
307 would break how applications interpret the quantization range.
309 The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white reference are:
312 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
314 .. flat-table:: opRGB Chromaticities
331 * - White Reference (D65)
341 L' = L ^{\frac{1}{2.19921875}}
343 Inverse Transfer function:
347 L = L'^{(2.19921875)}
349 The luminance (Y') and color difference (Cb and Cr) are obtained with
350 the following ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601`` encoding:
354 Y' = 0.2990R' + 0.5870G' + 0.1140B'
356 Cb = -0.1687R' - 0.3313G' + 0.5B'
358 Cr = 0.5R' - 0.4187G' - 0.0813B'
360 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the range
361 [-0.5…0.5]. This transform is identical to one defined in SMPTE
362 170M/BT.601. The Y'CbCr quantization is limited range.
367 Colorspace BT.2020 (V4L2_COLORSPACE_BT2020)
368 ===========================================
370 The :ref:`itu2020` standard defines the colorspace used by Ultra-high
371 definition television (UHDTV). The default transfer function is
372 ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_709``. The default Y'CbCr encoding is
373 ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_BT2020``. The default Y'CbCr quantization is limited range.
374 The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white reference are:
378 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
380 .. flat-table:: BT.2020 Chromaticities
397 * - White Reference (D65)
403 Transfer function (same as Rec. 709):
407 L' = 4.5L\text{, for }0 \le L < 0.018
409 L' = 1.099L ^{0.45} - 0.099\text{, for } 0.018 \le L \le 1
411 Inverse Transfer function:
415 L = L' / 4.5\text{, for } L' < 0.081
417 L = \left( \frac{L' + 0.099}{1.099}\right) ^{\frac{1}{0.45} }\text{, for } L' \ge 0.081
419 Please note that while Rec. 709 is defined as the default transfer function
420 by the :ref:`itu2020` standard, in practice this colorspace is often used
421 with the :ref:`xf-smpte-2084`. In particular Ultra HD Blu-ray discs use
424 The luminance (Y') and color difference (Cb and Cr) are obtained with
425 the following ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_BT2020`` encoding:
429 Y' = 0.2627R' + 0.6780G' + 0.0593B'
431 Cb = -0.1396R' - 0.3604G' + 0.5B'
433 Cr = 0.5R' - 0.4598G' - 0.0402B'
435 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the range
436 [-0.5…0.5]. The Y'CbCr quantization is limited range.
438 There is also an alternate constant luminance R'G'B' to Yc'CbcCrc
439 (``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_BT2020_CONST_LUM``) encoding:
447 Yc' = (0.2627R + 0.6780G + 0.0593B)'& \\
449 &Cbc = (B' - Yc') / 1.9404 \\
451 &Cbc = (B' - Yc') / 1.5816 \\
453 &Crc = (R' - Y') / 1.7184 \\
455 &Crc = (R' - Y') / 0.9936
458 Yc' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cbc and Crc are clamped to the
459 range [-0.5…0.5]. The Yc'CbcCrc quantization is limited range.
464 Colorspace DCI-P3 (V4L2_COLORSPACE_DCI_P3)
465 ==========================================
467 The :ref:`smpte431` standard defines the colorspace used by cinema
468 projectors that use the DCI-P3 colorspace. The default transfer function
469 is ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_DCI_P3``. The default Y'CbCr encoding is
470 ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_709``. The default Y'CbCr quantization is limited range.
474 Note that this colorspace standard does not specify a
475 Y'CbCr encoding since it is not meant to be encoded to Y'CbCr. So this
476 default Y'CbCr encoding was picked because it is the HDTV encoding.
478 The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white reference are:
482 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
484 .. flat-table:: DCI-P3 Chromaticities
511 L' = L^{\frac{1}{2.6}}
513 Inverse Transfer function:
519 Y'CbCr encoding is not specified. V4L2 defaults to Rec. 709.
524 Colorspace SMPTE 240M (V4L2_COLORSPACE_SMPTE240M)
525 =================================================
527 The :ref:`smpte240m` standard was an interim standard used during the
528 early days of HDTV (1988-1998). It has been superseded by Rec. 709. The
529 default transfer function is ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_SMPTE240M``. The default
530 Y'CbCr encoding is ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_SMPTE240M``. The default Y'CbCr
531 quantization is limited range. The chromaticities of the primary colors
532 and the white reference are:
536 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
538 .. flat-table:: SMPTE 240M Chromaticities
555 * - White Reference (D65)
560 These chromaticities are identical to the SMPTE 170M colorspace.
566 L' = 4L\text{, for } 0 \le L < 0.0228
568 L' = 1.1115L ^{0.45} - 0.1115\text{, for } 0.0228 \le L \le 1
570 Inverse Transfer function:
574 L = \frac{L'}{4}\text{, for } 0 \le L' < 0.0913
576 L = \left( \frac{L' + 0.1115}{1.1115}\right) ^{\frac{1}{0.45} }\text{, for } L' \ge 0.0913
578 The luminance (Y') and color difference (Cb and Cr) are obtained with
579 the following ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_SMPTE240M`` encoding:
583 Y' = 0.2122R' + 0.7013G' + 0.0865B'
585 Cb = -0.1161R' - 0.3839G' + 0.5B'
587 Cr = 0.5R' - 0.4451G' - 0.0549B'
589 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the
590 range [-0.5…0.5]. The Y'CbCr quantization is limited range.
595 Colorspace NTSC 1953 (V4L2_COLORSPACE_470_SYSTEM_M)
596 ===================================================
598 This standard defines the colorspace used by NTSC in 1953. In practice
599 this colorspace is obsolete and SMPTE 170M should be used instead. The
600 default transfer function is ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_709``. The default Y'CbCr
601 encoding is ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601``. The default Y'CbCr quantization is
602 limited range. The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white
607 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
609 .. flat-table:: NTSC 1953 Chromaticities
626 * - White Reference (C)
633 This colorspace uses Illuminant C instead of D65 as the white
634 reference. To correctly convert an image in this colorspace to another
635 that uses D65 you need to apply a chromatic adaptation algorithm such as
638 The transfer function was never properly defined for NTSC 1953. The Rec.
639 709 transfer function is recommended in the literature:
643 L' = 4.5L\text{, for } 0 \le L < 0.018
645 L' = 1.099L ^{0.45} - 0.099\text{, for } 0.018 \le L \le 1
647 Inverse Transfer function:
651 L = \frac{L'}{4.5} \text{, for } L' < 0.081
653 L = \left( \frac{L' + 0.099}{1.099}\right) ^{\frac{1}{0.45} }\text{, for } L' \ge 0.081
655 The luminance (Y') and color difference (Cb and Cr) are obtained with
656 the following ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601`` encoding:
660 Y' = 0.2990R' + 0.5870G' + 0.1140B'
662 Cb = -0.1687R' - 0.3313G' + 0.5B'
664 Cr = 0.5R' - 0.4187G' - 0.0813B'
666 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the range
667 [-0.5…0.5]. The Y'CbCr quantization is limited range. This transform is
668 identical to one defined in SMPTE 170M/BT.601.
673 Colorspace EBU Tech. 3213 (V4L2_COLORSPACE_470_SYSTEM_BG)
674 =========================================================
676 The :ref:`tech3213` standard defines the colorspace used by PAL/SECAM
677 in 1975. Note that this colorspace is not supported by the HDMI interface.
678 Instead :ref:`tech3321` recommends that Rec. 709 is used instead for HDMI.
679 The default transfer function is
680 ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_709``. The default Y'CbCr encoding is
681 ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601``. The default Y'CbCr quantization is limited
682 range. The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white reference
687 .. tabularcolumns:: |p{4.4cm}|p{4.4cm}|p{8.7cm}|
689 .. flat-table:: EBU Tech. 3213 Chromaticities
706 * - White Reference (D65)
712 The transfer function was never properly defined for this colorspace.
713 The Rec. 709 transfer function is recommended in the literature:
717 L' = 4.5L\text{, for } 0 \le L < 0.018
719 L' = 1.099L ^{0.45} - 0.099\text{, for } 0.018 \le L \le 1
721 Inverse Transfer function:
725 L = \frac{L'}{4.5} \text{, for } L' < 0.081
727 L = \left(\frac{L' + 0.099}{1.099} \right) ^{\frac{1}{0.45} }\text{, for } L' \ge 0.081
729 The luminance (Y') and color difference (Cb and Cr) are obtained with
730 the following ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601`` encoding:
734 Y' = 0.2990R' + 0.5870G' + 0.1140B'
736 Cb = -0.1687R' - 0.3313G' + 0.5B'
738 Cr = 0.5R' - 0.4187G' - 0.0813B'
740 Y' is clamped to the range [0…1] and Cb and Cr are clamped to the range
741 [-0.5…0.5]. The Y'CbCr quantization is limited range. This transform is
742 identical to one defined in SMPTE 170M/BT.601.
747 Colorspace JPEG (V4L2_COLORSPACE_JPEG)
748 ======================================
750 This colorspace defines the colorspace used by most (Motion-)JPEG
751 formats. The chromaticities of the primary colors and the white
752 reference are identical to sRGB. The transfer function use is
753 ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_SRGB``. The Y'CbCr encoding is ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601``
754 with full range quantization where Y' is scaled to [0…255] and Cb/Cr are
755 scaled to [-128…128] and then clipped to [-128…127].
759 The JPEG standard does not actually store colorspace
760 information. So if something other than sRGB is used, then the driver
761 will have to set that information explicitly. Effectively
762 ``V4L2_COLORSPACE_JPEG`` can be considered to be an abbreviation for
763 ``V4L2_COLORSPACE_SRGB``, ``V4L2_XFER_FUNC_SRGB``, ``V4L2_YCBCR_ENC_601``
764 and ``V4L2_QUANTIZATION_FULL_RANGE``.
766 ***************************************
767 Detailed Transfer Function Descriptions
768 ***************************************
772 Transfer Function SMPTE 2084 (V4L2_XFER_FUNC_SMPTE2084)
773 =======================================================
775 The :ref:`smpte2084` standard defines the transfer function used by
776 High Dynamic Range content.
779 m1 = (2610 / 4096) / 4
781 m2 = (2523 / 4096) * 128
785 c2 = (2413 / 4096) * 32
787 c3 = (2392 / 4096) * 32
790 L' = ((c1 + c2 * L\ :sup:`m1`) / (1 + c3 * L\ :sup:`m1`))\ :sup:`m2`
792 Inverse Transfer function:
793 L = (max(L':sup:`1/m2` - c1, 0) / (c2 - c3 *
794 L'\ :sup:`1/m2`))\ :sup:`1/m1`
796 Take care when converting between this transfer function and non-HDR transfer
797 functions: the linear RGB values [0…1] of HDR content map to a luminance range
798 of 0 to 10000 cd/m\ :sup:`2` whereas the linear RGB values of non-HDR (aka
799 Standard Dynamic Range or SDR) map to a luminance range of 0 to 100 cd/m\ :sup:`2`.
801 To go from SDR to HDR you will have to divide L by 100 first. To go in the other
802 direction you will have to multiply L by 100. Of course, this clamps all
803 luminance values over 100 cd/m\ :sup:`2` to 100 cd/m\ :sup:`2`.
805 There are better methods, see e.g. :ref:`colimg` for more in-depth information