1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GFDL-1.1-no-invariants-or-later
4 .. _libv4l-introduction:
10 libv4l is a collection of libraries which adds a thin abstraction layer
11 on top of video4linux2 devices. The purpose of this (thin) layer is to
12 make it easy for application writers to support a wide variety of
13 devices without having to write separate code for different devices in
16 An example of using libv4l is provided by
17 :ref:`v4l2grab <v4l2grab-example>`.
19 libv4l consists of 3 different libraries:
24 libv4lconvert is a library that converts several different pixelformats
25 found in V4L2 drivers into a few common RGB and YUY formats.
27 It currently accepts the following V4L2 driver formats:
28 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR24 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-BGR24>`,
29 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_HM12 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-HM12>`,
30 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_JPEG <V4L2-PIX-FMT-JPEG>`,
31 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_MJPEG <V4L2-PIX-FMT-MJPEG>`,
32 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_MR97310A <V4L2-PIX-FMT-MR97310A>`,
33 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_OV511 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-OV511>`,
34 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_OV518 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-OV518>`,
35 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_PAC207 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-PAC207>`,
36 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_PJPG <V4L2-PIX-FMT-PJPG>`,
37 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_RGB24 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-RGB24>`,
38 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR8 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SBGGR8>`,
39 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SGBRG8 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SGBRG8>`,
40 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SGRBG8 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SGRBG8>`,
41 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SN9C10X <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SN9C10X>`,
42 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SN9C20X_I420 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SN9C20X-I420>`,
43 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SPCA501 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SPCA501>`,
44 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SPCA505 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SPCA505>`,
45 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SPCA508 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SPCA508>`,
46 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SPCA561 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SPCA561>`,
47 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SQ905C <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SQ905C>`,
48 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_SRGGB8 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-SRGGB8>`,
49 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_UYVY <V4L2-PIX-FMT-UYVY>`,
50 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV420 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUV420>`,
51 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUYV>`,
52 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YVU420>`, and
53 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVYU <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YVYU>`.
55 Later on libv4lconvert was expanded to also be able to do various video
56 processing functions to improve webcam video quality. The video
57 processing is split in to 2 parts: libv4lconvert/control and
58 libv4lconvert/processing.
60 The control part is used to offer video controls which can be used to
61 control the video processing functions made available by
62 libv4lconvert/processing. These controls are stored application wide
63 (until reboot) by using a persistent shared memory object.
65 libv4lconvert/processing offers the actual video processing
71 This library offers functions that can be used to quickly make v4l1
72 applications work with v4l2 devices. These functions work exactly like
73 the normal open/close/etc, except that libv4l1 does full emulation of
74 the v4l1 api on top of v4l2 drivers, in case of v4l1 drivers it will
75 just pass calls through.
77 Since those functions are emulations of the old V4L1 API, it shouldn't
78 be used for new applications.
83 This library should be used for all modern V4L2 applications.
85 It provides handles to call V4L2 open/ioctl/close/poll methods. Instead
86 of just providing the raw output of the device, it enhances the calls in
87 the sense that it will use libv4lconvert to provide more video formats
88 and to enhance the image quality.
90 In most cases, libv4l2 just passes the calls directly through to the
91 v4l2 driver, intercepting the calls to
92 :ref:`VIDIOC_TRY_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`,
93 :ref:`VIDIOC_G_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`,
94 :ref:`VIDIOC_S_FMT <VIDIOC_G_FMT>`,
95 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMESIZES <VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMESIZES>` and
96 :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS <VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS>` in
97 order to emulate the formats
98 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR24 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-BGR24>`,
99 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_RGB24 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-RGB24>`,
100 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV420 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YUV420>`, and
101 :ref:`V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420 <V4L2-PIX-FMT-YVU420>`, if they aren't
102 available in the driver. :ref:`VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT <VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT>`
103 keeps enumerating the hardware supported formats, plus the emulated
104 formats offered by libv4l at the end.
108 Libv4l device control functions
109 -------------------------------
111 The common file operation methods are provided by libv4l.
113 Those functions operate just like the gcc function ``dup()`` and
115 :c:func:`open()`, :c:func:`close()`,
116 :c:func:`ioctl()`, :c:func:`read()`,
117 :c:func:`mmap()` and :c:func:`munmap()`:
119 .. c:function:: int v4l2_open(const char *file, int oflag, ...)
121 operates like the :c:func:`open()` function.
123 .. c:function:: int v4l2_close(int fd)
125 operates like the :c:func:`close()` function.
127 .. c:function:: int v4l2_dup(int fd)
129 operates like the libc ``dup()`` function, duplicating a file handler.
131 .. c:function:: int v4l2_ioctl (int fd, unsigned long int request, ...)
133 operates like the :c:func:`ioctl()` function.
135 .. c:function:: int v4l2_read (int fd, void* buffer, size_t n)
137 operates like the :c:func:`read()` function.
139 .. c:function:: void v4l2_mmap(void *start, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, int64_t offset);
141 operates like the :c:func:`munmap()` function.
143 .. c:function:: int v4l2_munmap(void *_start, size_t length);
145 operates like the :c:func:`munmap()` function.
147 Those functions provide additional control:
149 .. c:function:: int v4l2_fd_open(int fd, int v4l2_flags)
151 opens an already opened fd for further use through v4l2lib and possibly
152 modify libv4l2's default behavior through the ``v4l2_flags`` argument.
153 Currently, ``v4l2_flags`` can be ``V4L2_DISABLE_CONVERSION``, to disable
156 .. c:function:: int v4l2_set_control(int fd, int cid, int value)
158 This function takes a value of 0 - 65535, and then scales that range to the
159 actual range of the given v4l control id, and then if the cid exists and is
160 not locked sets the cid to the scaled value.
162 .. c:function:: int v4l2_get_control(int fd, int cid)
164 This function returns a value of 0 - 65535, scaled to from the actual range
165 of the given v4l control id. when the cid does not exist, could not be
166 accessed for some reason, or some error occurred 0 is returned.
168 v4l1compat.so wrapper library
169 =============================
171 This library intercepts calls to
172 :c:func:`open()`, :c:func:`close()`,
173 :c:func:`ioctl()`, :c:func:`mmap()` and
175 operations and redirects them to the libv4l counterparts, by using
176 ``LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/v4l1compat.so``. It also emulates V4L1 calls via V4L2
179 It allows usage of binary legacy applications that still don't use