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2 LINUX KERNEL MEMORY CONSISTENCY MODEL
3 =====================================
9 This directory contains the memory consistency model (memory model, for
10 short) of the Linux kernel, written in the "cat" language and executable
11 by the externally provided "herd7" simulator, which exhaustively explores
12 the state space of small litmus tests.
14 In addition, the "klitmus7" tool (also externally provided) may be used
15 to convert a litmus test to a Linux kernel module, which in turn allows
16 that litmus test to be exercised within the Linux kernel.
23 Version 7.52 or higher of the "herd7" and "klitmus7" tools must be
24 downloaded separately:
26 https://github.com/herd/herdtools7
28 See "herdtools7/INSTALL.md" for installation instructions.
30 Note that although these tools usually provide backwards compatibility,
31 this is not absolutely guaranteed.
33 For example, a future version of herd7 might not work with the model
34 in this release. A compatible model will likely be made available in
35 a later release of Linux kernel.
37 If you absolutely need to run the model in this particular release,
38 please try using the exact version called out above.
40 klitmus7 is independent of the model provided here. It has its own
41 dependency on a target kernel release where converted code is built
42 and executed. Any change in kernel APIs essential to klitmus7 will
43 necessitate an upgrade of klitmus7.
45 If you find any compatibility issues in klitmus7, please inform the
46 memory model maintainers.
48 klitmus7 Compatibility Table
49 ----------------------------
51 ============ ==========
52 target Linux herdtools7
53 ------------ ----------
58 ============ ==========
65 The memory model is used, in conjunction with "herd7", to exhaustively
66 explore the state space of small litmus tests. Documentation describing
67 the format, features, capabilities and limitations of these litmus
68 tests is available in tools/memory-model/Documentation/litmus-tests.txt.
70 Example litmus tests may be found in the Linux-kernel source tree:
72 tools/memory-model/litmus-tests/
73 Documentation/litmus-tests/
75 Several thousand more example litmus tests are available here:
77 https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus
78 https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/perfbook.git/tree/CodeSamples/formal/herd
79 https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/perfbook.git/tree/CodeSamples/formal/litmus
81 Documentation describing litmus tests and now to use them may be found
84 tools/memory-model/Documentation/litmus-tests.txt
86 The remainder of this section uses the SB+fencembonceonces.litmus test
87 located in the tools/memory-model directory.
89 To run SB+fencembonceonces.litmus against the memory model:
91 $ cd $LINUX_SOURCE_TREE/tools/memory-model
92 $ herd7 -conf linux-kernel.cfg litmus-tests/SB+fencembonceonces.litmus
94 Here is the corresponding output:
96 Test SB+fencembonceonces Allowed
103 Positive: 0 Negative: 3
104 Condition exists (0:r0=0 /\ 1:r0=0)
105 Observation SB+fencembonceonces Never 0 3
106 Time SB+fencembonceonces 0.01
107 Hash=d66d99523e2cac6b06e66f4c995ebb48
109 The "Positive: 0 Negative: 3" and the "Never 0 3" each indicate that
110 this litmus test's "exists" clause can not be satisfied.
112 See "herd7 -help" or "herdtools7/doc/" for more information on running the
113 tool itself, but please be aware that this documentation is intended for
114 people who work on the memory model itself, that is, people making changes
115 to the tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.* files. It is not intended for
116 people focusing on writing, understanding, and running LKMM litmus tests.
119 =====================
120 BASIC USAGE: KLITMUS7
121 =====================
123 The "klitmus7" tool converts a litmus test into a Linux kernel module,
124 which may then be loaded and run.
126 For example, to run SB+fencembonceonces.litmus against hardware:
129 $ klitmus7 -o mymodules litmus-tests/SB+fencembonceonces.litmus
130 $ cd mymodules ; make
133 The corresponding output includes:
135 Test SB+fencembonceonces Allowed
137 644580 :>0:r0=1; 1:r0=0;
138 644328 :>0:r0=0; 1:r0=1;
139 711092 :>0:r0=1; 1:r0=1;
142 Positive: 0, Negative: 2000000
143 Condition exists (0:r0=0 /\ 1:r0=0) is NOT validated
144 Hash=d66d99523e2cac6b06e66f4c995ebb48
145 Observation SB+fencembonceonces Never 0 2000000
146 Time SB+fencembonceonces 0.16
148 The "Positive: 0 Negative: 2000000" and the "Never 0 2000000" indicate
149 that during two million trials, the state specified in this litmus
150 test's "exists" clause was not reached.
152 And, as with "herd7", please see "klitmus7 -help" or "herdtools7/doc/"
153 for more information. And again, please be aware that this documentation
154 is intended for people who work on the memory model itself, that is,
155 people making changes to the tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.* files.
156 It is not intended for people focusing on writing, understanding, and
157 running LKMM litmus tests.
165 Guide to the other documents in the Documentation/ directory.
168 Categorizes the relevant instructions, including memory
169 references, memory barriers, atomic read-modify-write operations,
170 lock acquisition/release, and RCU operations.
172 More formally, this file (1) lists the subtypes of the various
173 event types used by the memory model and (2) performs RCU
174 read-side critical section nesting analysis.
177 Specifies what reorderings are forbidden by memory references,
178 memory barriers, atomic read-modify-write operations, and RCU.
180 More formally, this file specifies what executions are forbidden
181 by the memory model. Allowed executions are those which
182 satisfy the model's "coherence", "atomic", "happens-before",
183 "propagation", and "rcu" axioms, which are defined in the file.
186 Convenience file that gathers the common-case herd7 command-line
190 Maps from C-like syntax to herd7's internal litmus-test
191 instruction-set architecture.
194 Directory containing a few representative litmus tests, which
195 are listed in litmus-tests/README. A great deal more litmus
196 tests are available at https://github.com/paulmckrcu/litmus.
199 Provides a front-end analysis of lock acquisition and release,
200 for example, associating a lock acquisition with the preceding
201 and following releases and checking for self-deadlock.
203 More formally, this file defines a performance-enhanced scheme
204 for generation of the possible reads-from and coherence order
205 relations on the locking primitives.
210 scripts Various scripts, see scripts/README.