1 GPIO Sysfs Interface for Userspace
2 ==================================
4 THIS ABI IS DEPRECATED, THE ABI DOCUMENTATION HAS BEEN MOVED TO
5 Documentation/ABI/obsolete/sysfs-gpio AND NEW USERSPACE CONSUMERS
6 ARE SUPPOSED TO USE THE CHARACTER DEVICE ABI. THIS OLD SYSFS ABI WILL
7 NOT BE DEVELOPED (NO NEW FEATURES), IT WILL JUST BE MAINTAINED.
9 Refer to the examples in tools/gpio/* for an introduction to the new
10 character device ABI. Also see the userspace header in
11 include/uapi/linux/gpio.h
13 The deprecated sysfs ABI
14 ------------------------
15 Platforms which use the "gpiolib" implementors framework may choose to
16 configure a sysfs user interface to GPIOs. This is different from the
17 debugfs interface, since it provides control over GPIO direction and
18 value instead of just showing a gpio state summary. Plus, it could be
19 present on production systems without debugging support.
21 Given appropriate hardware documentation for the system, userspace could
22 know for example that GPIO #23 controls the write protect line used to
23 protect boot loader segments in flash memory. System upgrade procedures
24 may need to temporarily remove that protection, first importing a GPIO,
25 then changing its output state, then updating the code before re-enabling
26 the write protection. In normal use, GPIO #23 would never be touched,
27 and the kernel would have no need to know about it.
29 Again depending on appropriate hardware documentation, on some systems
30 userspace GPIO can be used to determine system configuration data that
31 standard kernels won't know about. And for some tasks, simple userspace
32 GPIO drivers could be all that the system really needs.
34 DO NOT ABUSE SYSFS TO CONTROL HARDWARE THAT HAS PROPER KERNEL DRIVERS.
35 PLEASE READ THE DOCUMENT AT Documentation/driver-api/gpio/drivers-on-gpio.rst
36 TO AVOID REINVENTING KERNEL WHEELS IN USERSPACE. I MEAN IT. REALLY.
40 There are three kinds of entries in /sys/class/gpio:
42 - Control interfaces used to get userspace control over GPIOs;
44 - GPIOs themselves; and
46 - GPIO controllers ("gpio_chip" instances).
48 That's in addition to standard files including the "device" symlink.
50 The control interfaces are write-only:
54 "export" ... Userspace may ask the kernel to export control of
55 a GPIO to userspace by writing its number to this file.
57 Example: "echo 19 > export" will create a "gpio19" node
58 for GPIO #19, if that's not requested by kernel code.
60 "unexport" ... Reverses the effect of exporting to userspace.
62 Example: "echo 19 > unexport" will remove a "gpio19"
63 node exported using the "export" file.
65 GPIO signals have paths like /sys/class/gpio/gpio42/ (for GPIO #42)
66 and have the following read/write attributes:
68 /sys/class/gpio/gpioN/
70 "direction" ... reads as either "in" or "out". This value may
71 normally be written. Writing as "out" defaults to
72 initializing the value as low. To ensure glitch free
73 operation, values "low" and "high" may be written to
74 configure the GPIO as an output with that initial value.
76 Note that this attribute *will not exist* if the kernel
77 doesn't support changing the direction of a GPIO, or
78 it was exported by kernel code that didn't explicitly
79 allow userspace to reconfigure this GPIO's direction.
81 "value" ... reads as either 0 (low) or 1 (high). If the GPIO
82 is configured as an output, this value may be written;
83 any nonzero value is treated as high.
85 If the pin can be configured as interrupt-generating interrupt
86 and if it has been configured to generate interrupts (see the
87 description of "edge"), you can poll(2) on that file and
88 poll(2) will return whenever the interrupt was triggered. If
89 you use poll(2), set the events POLLPRI and POLLERR. If you
90 use select(2), set the file descriptor in exceptfds. After
91 poll(2) returns, either lseek(2) to the beginning of the sysfs
92 file and read the new value or close the file and re-open it
95 "edge" ... reads as either "none", "rising", "falling", or
96 "both". Write these strings to select the signal edge(s)
97 that will make poll(2) on the "value" file return.
99 This file exists only if the pin can be configured as an
100 interrupt generating input pin.
102 "active_low" ... reads as either 0 (false) or 1 (true). Write
103 any nonzero value to invert the value attribute both
104 for reading and writing. Existing and subsequent
105 poll(2) support configuration via the edge attribute
106 for "rising" and "falling" edges will follow this
109 GPIO controllers have paths like /sys/class/gpio/gpiochip42/ (for the
110 controller implementing GPIOs starting at #42) and have the following
111 read-only attributes:
113 /sys/class/gpio/gpiochipN/
115 "base" ... same as N, the first GPIO managed by this chip
117 "label" ... provided for diagnostics (not always unique)
119 "ngpio" ... how many GPIOs this manages (N to N + ngpio - 1)
121 Board documentation should in most cases cover what GPIOs are used for
122 what purposes. However, those numbers are not always stable; GPIOs on
123 a daughtercard might be different depending on the base board being used,
124 or other cards in the stack. In such cases, you may need to use the
125 gpiochip nodes (possibly in conjunction with schematics) to determine
126 the correct GPIO number to use for a given signal.
129 Exporting from Kernel code
130 --------------------------
131 Kernel code can explicitly manage exports of GPIOs which have already been
132 requested using gpio_request():
134 /* export the GPIO to userspace */
135 int gpiod_export(struct gpio_desc *desc, bool direction_may_change);
137 /* reverse gpio_export() */
138 void gpiod_unexport(struct gpio_desc *desc);
140 /* create a sysfs link to an exported GPIO node */
141 int gpiod_export_link(struct device *dev, const char *name,
142 struct gpio_desc *desc);
144 After a kernel driver requests a GPIO, it may only be made available in
145 the sysfs interface by gpiod_export(). The driver can control whether the
146 signal direction may change. This helps drivers prevent userspace code
147 from accidentally clobbering important system state.
149 This explicit exporting can help with debugging (by making some kinds
150 of experiments easier), or can provide an always-there interface that's
151 suitable for documenting as part of a board support package.
153 After the GPIO has been exported, gpiod_export_link() allows creating
154 symlinks from elsewhere in sysfs to the GPIO sysfs node. Drivers can
155 use this to provide the interface under their own device in sysfs with