1 Platform Devices and Drivers
2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3 See <linux/platform_device.h> for the driver model interface to the
4 platform bus: platform_device, and platform_driver. This pseudo-bus
5 is used to connect devices on busses with minimal infrastructure,
6 like those used to integrate peripherals on many system-on-chip
7 processors, or some "legacy" PC interconnects; as opposed to large
8 formally specified ones like PCI or USB.
13 Platform devices are devices that typically appear as autonomous
14 entities in the system. This includes legacy port-based devices and
15 host bridges to peripheral buses, and most controllers integrated
16 into system-on-chip platforms. What they usually have in common
17 is direct addressing from a CPU bus. Rarely, a platform_device will
18 be connected through a segment of some other kind of bus; but its
19 registers will still be directly addressable.
21 Platform devices are given a name, used in driver binding, and a
22 list of resources such as addresses and IRQs.
24 struct platform_device {
29 struct resource *resource;
35 Platform drivers follow the standard driver model convention, where
36 discovery/enumeration is handled outside the drivers, and drivers
37 provide probe() and remove() methods. They support power management
38 and shutdown notifications using the standard conventions.
40 struct platform_driver {
41 int (*probe)(struct platform_device *);
42 int (*remove)(struct platform_device *);
43 void (*shutdown)(struct platform_device *);
44 int (*suspend)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state);
45 int (*suspend_late)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state);
46 int (*resume_early)(struct platform_device *);
47 int (*resume)(struct platform_device *);
48 struct device_driver driver;
51 Note that probe() should in general verify that the specified device hardware
52 actually exists; sometimes platform setup code can't be sure. The probing
53 can use device resources, including clocks, and device platform_data.
55 Platform drivers register themselves the normal way:
57 int platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *drv);
59 Or, in common situations where the device is known not to be hot-pluggable,
60 the probe() routine can live in an init section to reduce the driver's
61 runtime memory footprint:
63 int platform_driver_probe(struct platform_driver *drv,
64 int (*probe)(struct platform_device *))
66 Kernel modules can be composed of several platform drivers. The platform core
67 provides helpers to register and unregister an array of drivers:
69 int __platform_register_drivers(struct platform_driver * const *drivers,
70 unsigned int count, struct module *owner);
71 void platform_unregister_drivers(struct platform_driver * const *drivers,
74 If one of the drivers fails to register, all drivers registered up to that
75 point will be unregistered in reverse order. Note that there is a convenience
76 macro that passes THIS_MODULE as owner parameter:
78 #define platform_register_drivers(drivers, count)
83 As a rule, platform specific (and often board-specific) setup code will
84 register platform devices:
86 int platform_device_register(struct platform_device *pdev);
88 int platform_add_devices(struct platform_device **pdevs, int ndev);
90 The general rule is to register only those devices that actually exist,
91 but in some cases extra devices might be registered. For example, a kernel
92 might be configured to work with an external network adapter that might not
93 be populated on all boards, or likewise to work with an integrated controller
94 that some boards might not hook up to any peripherals.
96 In some cases, boot firmware will export tables describing the devices
97 that are populated on a given board. Without such tables, often the
98 only way for system setup code to set up the correct devices is to build
99 a kernel for a specific target board. Such board-specific kernels are
100 common with embedded and custom systems development.
102 In many cases, the memory and IRQ resources associated with the platform
103 device are not enough to let the device's driver work. Board setup code
104 will often provide additional information using the device's platform_data
105 field to hold additional information.
107 Embedded systems frequently need one or more clocks for platform devices,
108 which are normally kept off until they're actively needed (to save power).
109 System setup also associates those clocks with the device, so that that
110 calls to clk_get(&pdev->dev, clock_name) return them as needed.
113 Legacy Drivers: Device Probing
114 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
115 Some drivers are not fully converted to the driver model, because they take
116 on a non-driver role: the driver registers its platform device, rather than
117 leaving that for system infrastructure. Such drivers can't be hotplugged
118 or coldplugged, since those mechanisms require device creation to be in a
119 different system component than the driver.
121 The only "good" reason for this is to handle older system designs which, like
122 original IBM PCs, rely on error-prone "probe-the-hardware" models for hardware
123 configuration. Newer systems have largely abandoned that model, in favor of
124 bus-level support for dynamic configuration (PCI, USB), or device tables
125 provided by the boot firmware (e.g. PNPACPI on x86). There are too many
126 conflicting options about what might be where, and even educated guesses by
127 an operating system will be wrong often enough to make trouble.
129 This style of driver is discouraged. If you're updating such a driver,
130 please try to move the device enumeration to a more appropriate location,
131 outside the driver. This will usually be cleanup, since such drivers
132 tend to already have "normal" modes, such as ones using device nodes that
133 were created by PNP or by platform device setup.
135 None the less, there are some APIs to support such legacy drivers. Avoid
136 using these calls except with such hotplug-deficient drivers.
138 struct platform_device *platform_device_alloc(
139 const char *name, int id);
141 You can use platform_device_alloc() to dynamically allocate a device, which
142 you will then initialize with resources and platform_device_register().
143 A better solution is usually:
145 struct platform_device *platform_device_register_simple(
146 const char *name, int id,
147 struct resource *res, unsigned int nres);
149 You can use platform_device_register_simple() as a one-step call to allocate
150 and register a device.
153 Device Naming and Driver Binding
154 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
155 The platform_device.dev.bus_id is the canonical name for the devices.
156 It's built from two components:
158 * platform_device.name ... which is also used to for driver matching.
160 * platform_device.id ... the device instance number, or else "-1"
161 to indicate there's only one.
163 These are concatenated, so name/id "serial"/0 indicates bus_id "serial.0", and
164 "serial/3" indicates bus_id "serial.3"; both would use the platform_driver
165 named "serial". While "my_rtc"/-1 would be bus_id "my_rtc" (no instance id)
166 and use the platform_driver called "my_rtc".
168 Driver binding is performed automatically by the driver core, invoking
169 driver probe() after finding a match between device and driver. If the
170 probe() succeeds, the driver and device are bound as usual. There are
171 three different ways to find such a match:
173 - Whenever a device is registered, the drivers for that bus are
174 checked for matches. Platform devices should be registered very
175 early during system boot.
177 - When a driver is registered using platform_driver_register(), all
178 unbound devices on that bus are checked for matches. Drivers
179 usually register later during booting, or by module loading.
181 - Registering a driver using platform_driver_probe() works just like
182 using platform_driver_register(), except that the driver won't
183 be probed later if another device registers. (Which is OK, since
184 this interface is only for use with non-hotpluggable devices.)
187 Early Platform Devices and Drivers
188 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
189 The early platform interfaces provide platform data to platform device
190 drivers early on during the system boot. The code is built on top of the
191 early_param() command line parsing and can be executed very early on.
193 Example: "earlyprintk" class early serial console in 6 steps
195 1. Registering early platform device data
196 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
197 The architecture code registers platform device data using the function
198 early_platform_add_devices(). In the case of early serial console this
199 should be hardware configuration for the serial port. Devices registered
200 at this point will later on be matched against early platform drivers.
202 2. Parsing kernel command line
203 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
204 The architecture code calls parse_early_param() to parse the kernel
205 command line. This will execute all matching early_param() callbacks.
206 User specified early platform devices will be registered at this point.
207 For the early serial console case the user can specify port on the
208 kernel command line as "earlyprintk=serial.0" where "earlyprintk" is
209 the class string, "serial" is the name of the platform driver and
210 0 is the platform device id. If the id is -1 then the dot and the
213 3. Installing early platform drivers belonging to a certain class
214 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
215 The architecture code may optionally force registration of all early
216 platform drivers belonging to a certain class using the function
217 early_platform_driver_register_all(). User specified devices from
218 step 2 have priority over these. This step is omitted by the serial
219 driver example since the early serial driver code should be disabled
220 unless the user has specified port on the kernel command line.
222 4. Early platform driver registration
223 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
224 Compiled-in platform drivers making use of early_platform_init() are
225 automatically registered during step 2 or 3. The serial driver example
226 should use early_platform_init("earlyprintk", &platform_driver).
228 5. Probing of early platform drivers belonging to a certain class
229 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
230 The architecture code calls early_platform_driver_probe() to match
231 registered early platform devices associated with a certain class with
232 registered early platform drivers. Matched devices will get probed().
233 This step can be executed at any point during the early boot. As soon
234 as possible may be good for the serial port case.
236 6. Inside the early platform driver probe()
237 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
238 The driver code needs to take special care during early boot, especially
239 when it comes to memory allocation and interrupt registration. The code
240 in the probe() function can use is_early_platform_device() to check if
241 it is called at early platform device or at the regular platform device
242 time. The early serial driver performs register_console() at this point.
244 For further information, see <linux/platform_device.h>.