1 Runtime Power Management Framework for I/O Devices
3 (C) 2009-2011 Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>, Novell Inc.
4 (C) 2010 Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
5 (C) 2014 Intel Corp., Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
9 Support for runtime power management (runtime PM) of I/O devices is provided
10 at the power management core (PM core) level by means of:
12 * The power management workqueue pm_wq in which bus types and device drivers can
13 put their PM-related work items. It is strongly recommended that pm_wq be
14 used for queuing all work items related to runtime PM, because this allows
15 them to be synchronized with system-wide power transitions (suspend to RAM,
16 hibernation and resume from system sleep states). pm_wq is declared in
17 include/linux/pm_runtime.h and defined in kernel/power/main.c.
19 * A number of runtime PM fields in the 'power' member of 'struct device' (which
20 is of the type 'struct dev_pm_info', defined in include/linux/pm.h) that can
21 be used for synchronizing runtime PM operations with one another.
23 * Three device runtime PM callbacks in 'struct dev_pm_ops' (defined in
26 * A set of helper functions defined in drivers/base/power/runtime.c that can be
27 used for carrying out runtime PM operations in such a way that the
28 synchronization between them is taken care of by the PM core. Bus types and
29 device drivers are encouraged to use these functions.
31 The runtime PM callbacks present in 'struct dev_pm_ops', the device runtime PM
32 fields of 'struct dev_pm_info' and the core helper functions provided for
33 runtime PM are described below.
35 2. Device Runtime PM Callbacks
37 There are three device runtime PM callbacks defined in 'struct dev_pm_ops':
41 int (*runtime_suspend)(struct device *dev);
42 int (*runtime_resume)(struct device *dev);
43 int (*runtime_idle)(struct device *dev);
47 The ->runtime_suspend(), ->runtime_resume() and ->runtime_idle() callbacks
48 are executed by the PM core for the device's subsystem that may be either of
51 1. PM domain of the device, if the device's PM domain object, dev->pm_domain,
54 2. Device type of the device, if both dev->type and dev->type->pm are present.
56 3. Device class of the device, if both dev->class and dev->class->pm are
59 4. Bus type of the device, if both dev->bus and dev->bus->pm are present.
61 If the subsystem chosen by applying the above rules doesn't provide the relevant
62 callback, the PM core will invoke the corresponding driver callback stored in
63 dev->driver->pm directly (if present).
65 The PM core always checks which callback to use in the order given above, so the
66 priority order of callbacks from high to low is: PM domain, device type, class
67 and bus type. Moreover, the high-priority one will always take precedence over
68 a low-priority one. The PM domain, bus type, device type and class callbacks
69 are referred to as subsystem-level callbacks in what follows.
71 By default, the callbacks are always invoked in process context with interrupts
72 enabled. However, the pm_runtime_irq_safe() helper function can be used to tell
73 the PM core that it is safe to run the ->runtime_suspend(), ->runtime_resume()
74 and ->runtime_idle() callbacks for the given device in atomic context with
75 interrupts disabled. This implies that the callback routines in question must
76 not block or sleep, but it also means that the synchronous helper functions
77 listed at the end of Section 4 may be used for that device within an interrupt
78 handler or generally in an atomic context.
80 The subsystem-level suspend callback, if present, is _entirely_ _responsible_
81 for handling the suspend of the device as appropriate, which may, but need not
82 include executing the device driver's own ->runtime_suspend() callback (from the
83 PM core's point of view it is not necessary to implement a ->runtime_suspend()
84 callback in a device driver as long as the subsystem-level suspend callback
85 knows what to do to handle the device).
87 * Once the subsystem-level suspend callback (or the driver suspend callback,
88 if invoked directly) has completed successfully for the given device, the PM
89 core regards the device as suspended, which need not mean that it has been
90 put into a low power state. It is supposed to mean, however, that the
91 device will not process data and will not communicate with the CPU(s) and
92 RAM until the appropriate resume callback is executed for it. The runtime
93 PM status of a device after successful execution of the suspend callback is
96 * If the suspend callback returns -EBUSY or -EAGAIN, the device's runtime PM
97 status remains 'active', which means that the device _must_ be fully
98 operational afterwards.
100 * If the suspend callback returns an error code different from -EBUSY and
101 -EAGAIN, the PM core regards this as a fatal error and will refuse to run
102 the helper functions described in Section 4 for the device until its status
103 is directly set to either'active', or 'suspended' (the PM core provides
104 special helper functions for this purpose).
106 In particular, if the driver requires remote wakeup capability (i.e. hardware
107 mechanism allowing the device to request a change of its power state, such as
108 PCI PME) for proper functioning and device_run_wake() returns 'false' for the
109 device, then ->runtime_suspend() should return -EBUSY. On the other hand, if
110 device_run_wake() returns 'true' for the device and the device is put into a
111 low-power state during the execution of the suspend callback, it is expected
112 that remote wakeup will be enabled for the device. Generally, remote wakeup
113 should be enabled for all input devices put into low-power states at run time.
115 The subsystem-level resume callback, if present, is _entirely_ _responsible_ for
116 handling the resume of the device as appropriate, which may, but need not
117 include executing the device driver's own ->runtime_resume() callback (from the
118 PM core's point of view it is not necessary to implement a ->runtime_resume()
119 callback in a device driver as long as the subsystem-level resume callback knows
120 what to do to handle the device).
122 * Once the subsystem-level resume callback (or the driver resume callback, if
123 invoked directly) has completed successfully, the PM core regards the device
124 as fully operational, which means that the device _must_ be able to complete
125 I/O operations as needed. The runtime PM status of the device is then
128 * If the resume callback returns an error code, the PM core regards this as a
129 fatal error and will refuse to run the helper functions described in Section
130 4 for the device, until its status is directly set to either 'active', or
131 'suspended' (by means of special helper functions provided by the PM core
134 The idle callback (a subsystem-level one, if present, or the driver one) is
135 executed by the PM core whenever the device appears to be idle, which is
136 indicated to the PM core by two counters, the device's usage counter and the
137 counter of 'active' children of the device.
139 * If any of these counters is decreased using a helper function provided by
140 the PM core and it turns out to be equal to zero, the other counter is
141 checked. If that counter also is equal to zero, the PM core executes the
142 idle callback with the device as its argument.
144 The action performed by the idle callback is totally dependent on the subsystem
145 (or driver) in question, but the expected and recommended action is to check
146 if the device can be suspended (i.e. if all of the conditions necessary for
147 suspending the device are satisfied) and to queue up a suspend request for the
148 device in that case. If there is no idle callback, or if the callback returns
149 0, then the PM core will attempt to carry out a runtime suspend of the device,
150 also respecting devices configured for autosuspend. In essence this means a
151 call to pm_runtime_autosuspend() (do note that drivers needs to update the
152 device last busy mark, pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(), to control the delay under
153 this circumstance). To prevent this (for example, if the callback routine has
154 started a delayed suspend), the routine must return a non-zero value. Negative
155 error return codes are ignored by the PM core.
157 The helper functions provided by the PM core, described in Section 4, guarantee
158 that the following constraints are met with respect to runtime PM callbacks for
161 (1) The callbacks are mutually exclusive (e.g. it is forbidden to execute
162 ->runtime_suspend() in parallel with ->runtime_resume() or with another
163 instance of ->runtime_suspend() for the same device) with the exception that
164 ->runtime_suspend() or ->runtime_resume() can be executed in parallel with
165 ->runtime_idle() (although ->runtime_idle() will not be started while any
166 of the other callbacks is being executed for the same device).
168 (2) ->runtime_idle() and ->runtime_suspend() can only be executed for 'active'
169 devices (i.e. the PM core will only execute ->runtime_idle() or
170 ->runtime_suspend() for the devices the runtime PM status of which is
173 (3) ->runtime_idle() and ->runtime_suspend() can only be executed for a device
174 the usage counter of which is equal to zero _and_ either the counter of
175 'active' children of which is equal to zero, or the 'power.ignore_children'
176 flag of which is set.
178 (4) ->runtime_resume() can only be executed for 'suspended' devices (i.e. the
179 PM core will only execute ->runtime_resume() for the devices the runtime
180 PM status of which is 'suspended').
182 Additionally, the helper functions provided by the PM core obey the following
185 * If ->runtime_suspend() is about to be executed or there's a pending request
186 to execute it, ->runtime_idle() will not be executed for the same device.
188 * A request to execute or to schedule the execution of ->runtime_suspend()
189 will cancel any pending requests to execute ->runtime_idle() for the same
192 * If ->runtime_resume() is about to be executed or there's a pending request
193 to execute it, the other callbacks will not be executed for the same device.
195 * A request to execute ->runtime_resume() will cancel any pending or
196 scheduled requests to execute the other callbacks for the same device,
197 except for scheduled autosuspends.
199 3. Runtime PM Device Fields
201 The following device runtime PM fields are present in 'struct dev_pm_info', as
202 defined in include/linux/pm.h:
204 struct timer_list suspend_timer;
205 - timer used for scheduling (delayed) suspend and autosuspend requests
207 unsigned long timer_expires;
208 - timer expiration time, in jiffies (if this is different from zero, the
209 timer is running and will expire at that time, otherwise the timer is not
212 struct work_struct work;
213 - work structure used for queuing up requests (i.e. work items in pm_wq)
215 wait_queue_head_t wait_queue;
216 - wait queue used if any of the helper functions needs to wait for another
220 - lock used for synchronisation
222 atomic_t usage_count;
223 - the usage counter of the device
225 atomic_t child_count;
226 - the count of 'active' children of the device
228 unsigned int ignore_children;
229 - if set, the value of child_count is ignored (but still updated)
231 unsigned int disable_depth;
232 - used for disabling the helper functions (they work normally if this is
233 equal to zero); the initial value of it is 1 (i.e. runtime PM is
234 initially disabled for all devices)
237 - if set, there was a fatal error (one of the callbacks returned error code
238 as described in Section 2), so the helper functions will not work until
239 this flag is cleared; this is the error code returned by the failing
242 unsigned int idle_notification;
243 - if set, ->runtime_idle() is being executed
245 unsigned int request_pending;
246 - if set, there's a pending request (i.e. a work item queued up into pm_wq)
248 enum rpm_request request;
249 - type of request that's pending (valid if request_pending is set)
251 unsigned int deferred_resume;
252 - set if ->runtime_resume() is about to be run while ->runtime_suspend() is
253 being executed for that device and it is not practical to wait for the
254 suspend to complete; means "start a resume as soon as you've suspended"
256 unsigned int run_wake;
257 - set if the device is capable of generating runtime wake-up events
259 enum rpm_status runtime_status;
260 - the runtime PM status of the device; this field's initial value is
261 RPM_SUSPENDED, which means that each device is initially regarded by the
262 PM core as 'suspended', regardless of its real hardware status
264 unsigned int runtime_auto;
265 - if set, indicates that the user space has allowed the device driver to
266 power manage the device at run time via the /sys/devices/.../power/control
267 interface; it may only be modified with the help of the pm_runtime_allow()
268 and pm_runtime_forbid() helper functions
270 unsigned int no_callbacks;
271 - indicates that the device does not use the runtime PM callbacks (see
272 Section 8); it may be modified only by the pm_runtime_no_callbacks()
275 unsigned int irq_safe;
276 - indicates that the ->runtime_suspend() and ->runtime_resume() callbacks
277 will be invoked with the spinlock held and interrupts disabled
279 unsigned int use_autosuspend;
280 - indicates that the device's driver supports delayed autosuspend (see
281 Section 9); it may be modified only by the
282 pm_runtime{_dont}_use_autosuspend() helper functions
284 unsigned int timer_autosuspends;
285 - indicates that the PM core should attempt to carry out an autosuspend
286 when the timer expires rather than a normal suspend
288 int autosuspend_delay;
289 - the delay time (in milliseconds) to be used for autosuspend
291 unsigned long last_busy;
292 - the time (in jiffies) when the pm_runtime_mark_last_busy() helper
293 function was last called for this device; used in calculating inactivity
294 periods for autosuspend
296 All of the above fields are members of the 'power' member of 'struct device'.
298 4. Runtime PM Device Helper Functions
300 The following runtime PM helper functions are defined in
301 drivers/base/power/runtime.c and include/linux/pm_runtime.h:
303 void pm_runtime_init(struct device *dev);
304 - initialize the device runtime PM fields in 'struct dev_pm_info'
306 void pm_runtime_remove(struct device *dev);
307 - make sure that the runtime PM of the device will be disabled after
308 removing the device from device hierarchy
310 int pm_runtime_idle(struct device *dev);
311 - execute the subsystem-level idle callback for the device; returns an
312 error code on failure, where -EINPROGRESS means that ->runtime_idle() is
313 already being executed; if there is no callback or the callback returns 0
314 then run pm_runtime_autosuspend(dev) and return its result
316 int pm_runtime_suspend(struct device *dev);
317 - execute the subsystem-level suspend callback for the device; returns 0 on
318 success, 1 if the device's runtime PM status was already 'suspended', or
319 error code on failure, where -EAGAIN or -EBUSY means it is safe to attempt
320 to suspend the device again in future and -EACCES means that
321 'power.disable_depth' is different from 0
323 int pm_runtime_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
324 - same as pm_runtime_suspend() except that the autosuspend delay is taken
325 into account; if pm_runtime_autosuspend_expiration() says the delay has
326 not yet expired then an autosuspend is scheduled for the appropriate time
329 int pm_runtime_resume(struct device *dev);
330 - execute the subsystem-level resume callback for the device; returns 0 on
331 success, 1 if the device's runtime PM status was already 'active' or
332 error code on failure, where -EAGAIN means it may be safe to attempt to
333 resume the device again in future, but 'power.runtime_error' should be
334 checked additionally, and -EACCES means that 'power.disable_depth' is
337 int pm_request_idle(struct device *dev);
338 - submit a request to execute the subsystem-level idle callback for the
339 device (the request is represented by a work item in pm_wq); returns 0 on
340 success or error code if the request has not been queued up
342 int pm_request_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
343 - schedule the execution of the subsystem-level suspend callback for the
344 device when the autosuspend delay has expired; if the delay has already
345 expired then the work item is queued up immediately
347 int pm_schedule_suspend(struct device *dev, unsigned int delay);
348 - schedule the execution of the subsystem-level suspend callback for the
349 device in future, where 'delay' is the time to wait before queuing up a
350 suspend work item in pm_wq, in milliseconds (if 'delay' is zero, the work
351 item is queued up immediately); returns 0 on success, 1 if the device's PM
352 runtime status was already 'suspended', or error code if the request
353 hasn't been scheduled (or queued up if 'delay' is 0); if the execution of
354 ->runtime_suspend() is already scheduled and not yet expired, the new
355 value of 'delay' will be used as the time to wait
357 int pm_request_resume(struct device *dev);
358 - submit a request to execute the subsystem-level resume callback for the
359 device (the request is represented by a work item in pm_wq); returns 0 on
360 success, 1 if the device's runtime PM status was already 'active', or
361 error code if the request hasn't been queued up
363 void pm_runtime_get_noresume(struct device *dev);
364 - increment the device's usage counter
366 int pm_runtime_get(struct device *dev);
367 - increment the device's usage counter, run pm_request_resume(dev) and
370 int pm_runtime_get_sync(struct device *dev);
371 - increment the device's usage counter, run pm_runtime_resume(dev) and
374 void pm_runtime_put_noidle(struct device *dev);
375 - decrement the device's usage counter
377 int pm_runtime_put(struct device *dev);
378 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
379 pm_request_idle(dev) and return its result
381 int pm_runtime_put_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
382 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
383 pm_request_autosuspend(dev) and return its result
385 int pm_runtime_put_sync(struct device *dev);
386 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
387 pm_runtime_idle(dev) and return its result
389 int pm_runtime_put_sync_suspend(struct device *dev);
390 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
391 pm_runtime_suspend(dev) and return its result
393 int pm_runtime_put_sync_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
394 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
395 pm_runtime_autosuspend(dev) and return its result
397 void pm_runtime_enable(struct device *dev);
398 - decrement the device's 'power.disable_depth' field; if that field is equal
399 to zero, the runtime PM helper functions can execute subsystem-level
400 callbacks described in Section 2 for the device
402 int pm_runtime_disable(struct device *dev);
403 - increment the device's 'power.disable_depth' field (if the value of that
404 field was previously zero, this prevents subsystem-level runtime PM
405 callbacks from being run for the device), make sure that all of the
406 pending runtime PM operations on the device are either completed or
407 canceled; returns 1 if there was a resume request pending and it was
408 necessary to execute the subsystem-level resume callback for the device
409 to satisfy that request, otherwise 0 is returned
411 int pm_runtime_barrier(struct device *dev);
412 - check if there's a resume request pending for the device and resume it
413 (synchronously) in that case, cancel any other pending runtime PM requests
414 regarding it and wait for all runtime PM operations on it in progress to
415 complete; returns 1 if there was a resume request pending and it was
416 necessary to execute the subsystem-level resume callback for the device to
417 satisfy that request, otherwise 0 is returned
419 void pm_suspend_ignore_children(struct device *dev, bool enable);
420 - set/unset the power.ignore_children flag of the device
422 int pm_runtime_set_active(struct device *dev);
423 - clear the device's 'power.runtime_error' flag, set the device's runtime
424 PM status to 'active' and update its parent's counter of 'active'
425 children as appropriate (it is only valid to use this function if
426 'power.runtime_error' is set or 'power.disable_depth' is greater than
427 zero); it will fail and return error code if the device has a parent
428 which is not active and the 'power.ignore_children' flag of which is unset
430 void pm_runtime_set_suspended(struct device *dev);
431 - clear the device's 'power.runtime_error' flag, set the device's runtime
432 PM status to 'suspended' and update its parent's counter of 'active'
433 children as appropriate (it is only valid to use this function if
434 'power.runtime_error' is set or 'power.disable_depth' is greater than
437 bool pm_runtime_active(struct device *dev);
438 - return true if the device's runtime PM status is 'active' or its
439 'power.disable_depth' field is not equal to zero, or false otherwise
441 bool pm_runtime_suspended(struct device *dev);
442 - return true if the device's runtime PM status is 'suspended' and its
443 'power.disable_depth' field is equal to zero, or false otherwise
445 bool pm_runtime_status_suspended(struct device *dev);
446 - return true if the device's runtime PM status is 'suspended'
448 bool pm_runtime_suspended_if_enabled(struct device *dev);
449 - return true if the device's runtime PM status is 'suspended' and its
450 'power.disable_depth' field is equal to 1
452 void pm_runtime_allow(struct device *dev);
453 - set the power.runtime_auto flag for the device and decrease its usage
454 counter (used by the /sys/devices/.../power/control interface to
455 effectively allow the device to be power managed at run time)
457 void pm_runtime_forbid(struct device *dev);
458 - unset the power.runtime_auto flag for the device and increase its usage
459 counter (used by the /sys/devices/.../power/control interface to
460 effectively prevent the device from being power managed at run time)
462 void pm_runtime_no_callbacks(struct device *dev);
463 - set the power.no_callbacks flag for the device and remove the runtime
464 PM attributes from /sys/devices/.../power (or prevent them from being
465 added when the device is registered)
467 void pm_runtime_irq_safe(struct device *dev);
468 - set the power.irq_safe flag for the device, causing the runtime-PM
469 callbacks to be invoked with interrupts off
471 bool pm_runtime_is_irq_safe(struct device *dev);
472 - return true if power.irq_safe flag was set for the device, causing
473 the runtime-PM callbacks to be invoked with interrupts off
475 void pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(struct device *dev);
476 - set the power.last_busy field to the current time
478 void pm_runtime_use_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
479 - set the power.use_autosuspend flag, enabling autosuspend delays
481 void pm_runtime_dont_use_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
482 - clear the power.use_autosuspend flag, disabling autosuspend delays
484 void pm_runtime_set_autosuspend_delay(struct device *dev, int delay);
485 - set the power.autosuspend_delay value to 'delay' (expressed in
486 milliseconds); if 'delay' is negative then runtime suspends are
489 unsigned long pm_runtime_autosuspend_expiration(struct device *dev);
490 - calculate the time when the current autosuspend delay period will expire,
491 based on power.last_busy and power.autosuspend_delay; if the delay time
492 is 1000 ms or larger then the expiration time is rounded up to the
493 nearest second; returns 0 if the delay period has already expired or
494 power.use_autosuspend isn't set, otherwise returns the expiration time
497 It is safe to execute the following helper functions from interrupt context:
500 pm_request_autosuspend()
501 pm_schedule_suspend()
503 pm_runtime_get_noresume()
505 pm_runtime_put_noidle()
507 pm_runtime_put_autosuspend()
509 pm_suspend_ignore_children()
510 pm_runtime_set_active()
511 pm_runtime_set_suspended()
512 pm_runtime_suspended()
513 pm_runtime_mark_last_busy()
514 pm_runtime_autosuspend_expiration()
516 If pm_runtime_irq_safe() has been called for a device then the following helper
517 functions may also be used in interrupt context:
521 pm_runtime_autosuspend()
523 pm_runtime_get_sync()
524 pm_runtime_put_sync()
525 pm_runtime_put_sync_suspend()
526 pm_runtime_put_sync_autosuspend()
528 5. Runtime PM Initialization, Device Probing and Removal
530 Initially, the runtime PM is disabled for all devices, which means that the
531 majority of the runtime PM helper functions described in Section 4 will return
532 -EAGAIN until pm_runtime_enable() is called for the device.
534 In addition to that, the initial runtime PM status of all devices is
535 'suspended', but it need not reflect the actual physical state of the device.
536 Thus, if the device is initially active (i.e. it is able to process I/O), its
537 runtime PM status must be changed to 'active', with the help of
538 pm_runtime_set_active(), before pm_runtime_enable() is called for the device.
540 However, if the device has a parent and the parent's runtime PM is enabled,
541 calling pm_runtime_set_active() for the device will affect the parent, unless
542 the parent's 'power.ignore_children' flag is set. Namely, in that case the
543 parent won't be able to suspend at run time, using the PM core's helper
544 functions, as long as the child's status is 'active', even if the child's
545 runtime PM is still disabled (i.e. pm_runtime_enable() hasn't been called for
546 the child yet or pm_runtime_disable() has been called for it). For this reason,
547 once pm_runtime_set_active() has been called for the device, pm_runtime_enable()
548 should be called for it too as soon as reasonably possible or its runtime PM
549 status should be changed back to 'suspended' with the help of
550 pm_runtime_set_suspended().
552 If the default initial runtime PM status of the device (i.e. 'suspended')
553 reflects the actual state of the device, its bus type's or its driver's
554 ->probe() callback will likely need to wake it up using one of the PM core's
555 helper functions described in Section 4. In that case, pm_runtime_resume()
556 should be used. Of course, for this purpose the device's runtime PM has to be
557 enabled earlier by calling pm_runtime_enable().
559 Note, if the device may execute pm_runtime calls during the probe (such as
560 if it is registers with a subsystem that may call back in) then the
561 pm_runtime_get_sync() call paired with a pm_runtime_put() call will be
562 appropriate to ensure that the device is not put back to sleep during the
563 probe. This can happen with systems such as the network device layer.
565 It may be desirable to suspend the device once ->probe() has finished.
566 Therefore the driver core uses the asyncronous pm_request_idle() to submit a
567 request to execute the subsystem-level idle callback for the device at that
568 time. A driver that makes use of the runtime autosuspend feature, may want to
569 update the last busy mark before returning from ->probe().
571 Moreover, the driver core prevents runtime PM callbacks from racing with the bus
572 notifier callback in __device_release_driver(), which is necessary, because the
573 notifier is used by some subsystems to carry out operations affecting the
574 runtime PM functionality. It does so by calling pm_runtime_get_sync() before
575 driver_sysfs_remove() and the BUS_NOTIFY_UNBIND_DRIVER notifications. This
576 resumes the device if it's in the suspended state and prevents it from
577 being suspended again while those routines are being executed.
579 To allow bus types and drivers to put devices into the suspended state by
580 calling pm_runtime_suspend() from their ->remove() routines, the driver core
581 executes pm_runtime_put_sync() after running the BUS_NOTIFY_UNBIND_DRIVER
582 notifications in __device_release_driver(). This requires bus types and
583 drivers to make their ->remove() callbacks avoid races with runtime PM directly,
584 but also it allows of more flexibility in the handling of devices during the
585 removal of their drivers.
587 The user space can effectively disallow the driver of the device to power manage
588 it at run time by changing the value of its /sys/devices/.../power/control
589 attribute to "on", which causes pm_runtime_forbid() to be called. In principle,
590 this mechanism may also be used by the driver to effectively turn off the
591 runtime power management of the device until the user space turns it on.
592 Namely, during the initialization the driver can make sure that the runtime PM
593 status of the device is 'active' and call pm_runtime_forbid(). It should be
594 noted, however, that if the user space has already intentionally changed the
595 value of /sys/devices/.../power/control to "auto" to allow the driver to power
596 manage the device at run time, the driver may confuse it by using
597 pm_runtime_forbid() this way.
599 6. Runtime PM and System Sleep
601 Runtime PM and system sleep (i.e., system suspend and hibernation, also known
602 as suspend-to-RAM and suspend-to-disk) interact with each other in a couple of
603 ways. If a device is active when a system sleep starts, everything is
604 straightforward. But what should happen if the device is already suspended?
606 The device may have different wake-up settings for runtime PM and system sleep.
607 For example, remote wake-up may be enabled for runtime suspend but disallowed
608 for system sleep (device_may_wakeup(dev) returns 'false'). When this happens,
609 the subsystem-level system suspend callback is responsible for changing the
610 device's wake-up setting (it may leave that to the device driver's system
611 suspend routine). It may be necessary to resume the device and suspend it again
612 in order to do so. The same is true if the driver uses different power levels
613 or other settings for runtime suspend and system sleep.
615 During system resume, the simplest approach is to bring all devices back to full
616 power, even if they had been suspended before the system suspend began. There
617 are several reasons for this, including:
619 * The device might need to switch power levels, wake-up settings, etc.
621 * Remote wake-up events might have been lost by the firmware.
623 * The device's children may need the device to be at full power in order
624 to resume themselves.
626 * The driver's idea of the device state may not agree with the device's
627 physical state. This can happen during resume from hibernation.
629 * The device might need to be reset.
631 * Even though the device was suspended, if its usage counter was > 0 then most
632 likely it would need a runtime resume in the near future anyway.
634 If the device had been suspended before the system suspend began and it's
635 brought back to full power during resume, then its runtime PM status will have
636 to be updated to reflect the actual post-system sleep status. The way to do
639 pm_runtime_disable(dev);
640 pm_runtime_set_active(dev);
641 pm_runtime_enable(dev);
643 The PM core always increments the runtime usage counter before calling the
644 ->suspend() callback and decrements it after calling the ->resume() callback.
645 Hence disabling runtime PM temporarily like this will not cause any runtime
646 suspend attempts to be permanently lost. If the usage count goes to zero
647 following the return of the ->resume() callback, the ->runtime_idle() callback
648 will be invoked as usual.
650 On some systems, however, system sleep is not entered through a global firmware
651 or hardware operation. Instead, all hardware components are put into low-power
652 states directly by the kernel in a coordinated way. Then, the system sleep
653 state effectively follows from the states the hardware components end up in
654 and the system is woken up from that state by a hardware interrupt or a similar
655 mechanism entirely under the kernel's control. As a result, the kernel never
656 gives control away and the states of all devices during resume are precisely
657 known to it. If that is the case and none of the situations listed above takes
658 place (in particular, if the system is not waking up from hibernation), it may
659 be more efficient to leave the devices that had been suspended before the system
660 suspend began in the suspended state.
662 To this end, the PM core provides a mechanism allowing some coordination between
663 different levels of device hierarchy. Namely, if a system suspend .prepare()
664 callback returns a positive number for a device, that indicates to the PM core
665 that the device appears to be runtime-suspended and its state is fine, so it
666 may be left in runtime suspend provided that all of its descendants are also
667 left in runtime suspend. If that happens, the PM core will not execute any
668 system suspend and resume callbacks for all of those devices, except for the
669 complete callback, which is then entirely responsible for handling the device
670 as appropriate. This only applies to system suspend transitions that are not
671 related to hibernation (see Documentation/power/devices.txt for more
674 The PM core does its best to reduce the probability of race conditions between
675 the runtime PM and system suspend/resume (and hibernation) callbacks by carrying
676 out the following operations:
678 * During system suspend pm_runtime_get_noresume() is called for every device
679 right before executing the subsystem-level .prepare() callback for it and
680 pm_runtime_barrier() is called for every device right before executing the
681 subsystem-level .suspend() callback for it. In addition to that the PM core
682 calls __pm_runtime_disable() with 'false' as the second argument for every
683 device right before executing the subsystem-level .suspend_late() callback
686 * During system resume pm_runtime_enable() and pm_runtime_put() are called for
687 every device right after executing the subsystem-level .resume_early()
688 callback and right after executing the subsystem-level .complete() callback
689 for it, respectively.
691 7. Generic subsystem callbacks
693 Subsystems may wish to conserve code space by using the set of generic power
694 management callbacks provided by the PM core, defined in
695 driver/base/power/generic_ops.c:
697 int pm_generic_runtime_suspend(struct device *dev);
698 - invoke the ->runtime_suspend() callback provided by the driver of this
699 device and return its result, or return 0 if not defined
701 int pm_generic_runtime_resume(struct device *dev);
702 - invoke the ->runtime_resume() callback provided by the driver of this
703 device and return its result, or return 0 if not defined
705 int pm_generic_suspend(struct device *dev);
706 - if the device has not been suspended at run time, invoke the ->suspend()
707 callback provided by its driver and return its result, or return 0 if not
710 int pm_generic_suspend_noirq(struct device *dev);
711 - if pm_runtime_suspended(dev) returns "false", invoke the ->suspend_noirq()
712 callback provided by the device's driver and return its result, or return
715 int pm_generic_resume(struct device *dev);
716 - invoke the ->resume() callback provided by the driver of this device and,
717 if successful, change the device's runtime PM status to 'active'
719 int pm_generic_resume_noirq(struct device *dev);
720 - invoke the ->resume_noirq() callback provided by the driver of this device
722 int pm_generic_freeze(struct device *dev);
723 - if the device has not been suspended at run time, invoke the ->freeze()
724 callback provided by its driver and return its result, or return 0 if not
727 int pm_generic_freeze_noirq(struct device *dev);
728 - if pm_runtime_suspended(dev) returns "false", invoke the ->freeze_noirq()
729 callback provided by the device's driver and return its result, or return
732 int pm_generic_thaw(struct device *dev);
733 - if the device has not been suspended at run time, invoke the ->thaw()
734 callback provided by its driver and return its result, or return 0 if not
737 int pm_generic_thaw_noirq(struct device *dev);
738 - if pm_runtime_suspended(dev) returns "false", invoke the ->thaw_noirq()
739 callback provided by the device's driver and return its result, or return
742 int pm_generic_poweroff(struct device *dev);
743 - if the device has not been suspended at run time, invoke the ->poweroff()
744 callback provided by its driver and return its result, or return 0 if not
747 int pm_generic_poweroff_noirq(struct device *dev);
748 - if pm_runtime_suspended(dev) returns "false", run the ->poweroff_noirq()
749 callback provided by the device's driver and return its result, or return
752 int pm_generic_restore(struct device *dev);
753 - invoke the ->restore() callback provided by the driver of this device and,
754 if successful, change the device's runtime PM status to 'active'
756 int pm_generic_restore_noirq(struct device *dev);
757 - invoke the ->restore_noirq() callback provided by the device's driver
759 These functions are the defaults used by the PM core, if a subsystem doesn't
760 provide its own callbacks for ->runtime_idle(), ->runtime_suspend(),
761 ->runtime_resume(), ->suspend(), ->suspend_noirq(), ->resume(),
762 ->resume_noirq(), ->freeze(), ->freeze_noirq(), ->thaw(), ->thaw_noirq(),
763 ->poweroff(), ->poweroff_noirq(), ->restore(), ->restore_noirq() in the
764 subsystem-level dev_pm_ops structure.
766 Device drivers that wish to use the same function as a system suspend, freeze,
767 poweroff and runtime suspend callback, and similarly for system resume, thaw,
768 restore, and runtime resume, can achieve this with the help of the
769 UNIVERSAL_DEV_PM_OPS macro defined in include/linux/pm.h (possibly setting its
770 last argument to NULL).
772 8. "No-Callback" Devices
774 Some "devices" are only logical sub-devices of their parent and cannot be
775 power-managed on their own. (The prototype example is a USB interface. Entire
776 USB devices can go into low-power mode or send wake-up requests, but neither is
777 possible for individual interfaces.) The drivers for these devices have no
778 need of runtime PM callbacks; if the callbacks did exist, ->runtime_suspend()
779 and ->runtime_resume() would always return 0 without doing anything else and
780 ->runtime_idle() would always call pm_runtime_suspend().
782 Subsystems can tell the PM core about these devices by calling
783 pm_runtime_no_callbacks(). This should be done after the device structure is
784 initialized and before it is registered (although after device registration is
785 also okay). The routine will set the device's power.no_callbacks flag and
786 prevent the non-debugging runtime PM sysfs attributes from being created.
788 When power.no_callbacks is set, the PM core will not invoke the
789 ->runtime_idle(), ->runtime_suspend(), or ->runtime_resume() callbacks.
790 Instead it will assume that suspends and resumes always succeed and that idle
791 devices should be suspended.
793 As a consequence, the PM core will never directly inform the device's subsystem
794 or driver about runtime power changes. Instead, the driver for the device's
795 parent must take responsibility for telling the device's driver when the
796 parent's power state changes.
798 9. Autosuspend, or automatically-delayed suspends
800 Changing a device's power state isn't free; it requires both time and energy.
801 A device should be put in a low-power state only when there's some reason to
802 think it will remain in that state for a substantial time. A common heuristic
803 says that a device which hasn't been used for a while is liable to remain
804 unused; following this advice, drivers should not allow devices to be suspended
805 at runtime until they have been inactive for some minimum period. Even when
806 the heuristic ends up being non-optimal, it will still prevent devices from
807 "bouncing" too rapidly between low-power and full-power states.
809 The term "autosuspend" is an historical remnant. It doesn't mean that the
810 device is automatically suspended (the subsystem or driver still has to call
811 the appropriate PM routines); rather it means that runtime suspends will
812 automatically be delayed until the desired period of inactivity has elapsed.
814 Inactivity is determined based on the power.last_busy field. Drivers should
815 call pm_runtime_mark_last_busy() to update this field after carrying out I/O,
816 typically just before calling pm_runtime_put_autosuspend(). The desired length
817 of the inactivity period is a matter of policy. Subsystems can set this length
818 initially by calling pm_runtime_set_autosuspend_delay(), but after device
819 registration the length should be controlled by user space, using the
820 /sys/devices/.../power/autosuspend_delay_ms attribute.
822 In order to use autosuspend, subsystems or drivers must call
823 pm_runtime_use_autosuspend() (preferably before registering the device), and
824 thereafter they should use the various *_autosuspend() helper functions instead
825 of the non-autosuspend counterparts:
827 Instead of: pm_runtime_suspend use: pm_runtime_autosuspend;
828 Instead of: pm_schedule_suspend use: pm_request_autosuspend;
829 Instead of: pm_runtime_put use: pm_runtime_put_autosuspend;
830 Instead of: pm_runtime_put_sync use: pm_runtime_put_sync_autosuspend.
832 Drivers may also continue to use the non-autosuspend helper functions; they
833 will behave normally, not taking the autosuspend delay into account.
834 Similarly, if the power.use_autosuspend field isn't set then the autosuspend
835 helper functions will behave just like the non-autosuspend counterparts.
837 Under some circumstances a driver or subsystem may want to prevent a device
838 from autosuspending immediately, even though the usage counter is zero and the
839 autosuspend delay time has expired. If the ->runtime_suspend() callback
840 returns -EAGAIN or -EBUSY, and if the next autosuspend delay expiration time is
841 in the future (as it normally would be if the callback invoked
842 pm_runtime_mark_last_busy()), the PM core will automatically reschedule the
843 autosuspend. The ->runtime_suspend() callback can't do this rescheduling
844 itself because no suspend requests of any kind are accepted while the device is
845 suspending (i.e., while the callback is running).
847 The implementation is well suited for asynchronous use in interrupt contexts.
848 However such use inevitably involves races, because the PM core can't
849 synchronize ->runtime_suspend() callbacks with the arrival of I/O requests.
850 This synchronization must be handled by the driver, using its private lock.
851 Here is a schematic pseudo-code example:
853 foo_read_or_write(struct foo_priv *foo, void *data)
855 lock(&foo->private_lock);
856 add_request_to_io_queue(foo, data);
857 if (foo->num_pending_requests++ == 0)
858 pm_runtime_get(&foo->dev);
859 if (!foo->is_suspended)
860 foo_process_next_request(foo);
861 unlock(&foo->private_lock);
864 foo_io_completion(struct foo_priv *foo, void *req)
866 lock(&foo->private_lock);
867 if (--foo->num_pending_requests == 0) {
868 pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(&foo->dev);
869 pm_runtime_put_autosuspend(&foo->dev);
871 foo_process_next_request(foo);
873 unlock(&foo->private_lock);
874 /* Send req result back to the user ... */
877 int foo_runtime_suspend(struct device *dev)
879 struct foo_priv foo = container_of(dev, ...);
882 lock(&foo->private_lock);
883 if (foo->num_pending_requests > 0) {
886 /* ... suspend the device ... */
887 foo->is_suspended = 1;
889 unlock(&foo->private_lock);
893 int foo_runtime_resume(struct device *dev)
895 struct foo_priv foo = container_of(dev, ...);
897 lock(&foo->private_lock);
898 /* ... resume the device ... */
899 foo->is_suspended = 0;
900 pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(&foo->dev);
901 if (foo->num_pending_requests > 0)
902 foo_process_next_request(foo);
903 unlock(&foo->private_lock);
907 The important point is that after foo_io_completion() asks for an autosuspend,
908 the foo_runtime_suspend() callback may race with foo_read_or_write().
909 Therefore foo_runtime_suspend() has to check whether there are any pending I/O
910 requests (while holding the private lock) before allowing the suspend to
913 In addition, the power.autosuspend_delay field can be changed by user space at
914 any time. If a driver cares about this, it can call
915 pm_runtime_autosuspend_expiration() from within the ->runtime_suspend()
916 callback while holding its private lock. If the function returns a nonzero
917 value then the delay has not yet expired and the callback should return