5 Shadow variables are a simple way for livepatch modules to associate
6 additional "shadow" data with existing data structures. Shadow data is
7 allocated separately from parent data structures, which are left
8 unmodified. The shadow variable API described in this document is used
9 to allocate/add and remove/free shadow variables to/from their parents.
11 The implementation introduces a global, in-kernel hashtable that
12 associates pointers to parent objects and a numeric identifier of the
13 shadow data. The numeric identifier is a simple enumeration that may be
14 used to describe shadow variable version, class or type, etc. More
15 specifically, the parent pointer serves as the hashtable key while the
16 numeric id subsequently filters hashtable queries. Multiple shadow
17 variables may attach to the same parent object, but their numeric
18 identifier distinguishes between them.
24 (See the full API usage docbook notes in livepatch/shadow.c.)
26 A hashtable references all shadow variables. These references are
27 stored and retrieved through a <obj, id> pair.
29 * The klp_shadow variable data structure encapsulates both tracking
30 meta-data and shadow-data:
32 - obj - pointer to parent object
33 - id - data identifier
34 - data[] - storage for shadow data
36 It is important to note that the klp_shadow_alloc() and
37 klp_shadow_get_or_alloc() are zeroing the variable by default.
38 They also allow to call a custom constructor function when a non-zero
39 value is needed. Callers should provide whatever mutual exclusion
42 Note that the constructor is called under klp_shadow_lock spinlock. It allows
43 to do actions that can be done only once when a new variable is allocated.
45 * klp_shadow_get() - retrieve a shadow variable data pointer
46 - search hashtable for <obj, id> pair
48 * klp_shadow_alloc() - allocate and add a new shadow variable
49 - search hashtable for <obj, id> pair
51 - WARN and return NULL
52 - if <obj, id> doesn't already exist
53 - allocate a new shadow variable
54 - initialize the variable using a custom constructor and data when provided
55 - add <obj, id> to the global hashtable
57 * klp_shadow_get_or_alloc() - get existing or alloc a new shadow variable
58 - search hashtable for <obj, id> pair
60 - return existing shadow variable
61 - if <obj, id> doesn't already exist
62 - allocate a new shadow variable
63 - initialize the variable using a custom constructor and data when provided
64 - add <obj, id> pair to the global hashtable
66 * klp_shadow_free() - detach and free a <obj, id> shadow variable
67 - find and remove a <obj, id> reference from global hashtable
69 - call destructor function if defined
70 - free shadow variable
72 * klp_shadow_free_all() - detach and free all <*, id> shadow variables
73 - find and remove any <*, id> references from global hashtable
75 - call destructor function if defined
76 - free shadow variable
82 (See the example shadow variable livepatch modules in samples/livepatch/
83 for full working demonstrations.)
85 For the following use-case examples, consider commit 1d147bfa6429
86 ("mac80211: fix AP powersave TX vs. wakeup race"), which added a
87 spinlock to net/mac80211/sta_info.h :: struct sta_info. Each use-case
88 example can be considered a stand-alone livepatch implementation of this
92 Matching parent's lifecycle
93 ---------------------------
95 If parent data structures are frequently created and destroyed, it may
96 be easiest to align their shadow variables lifetimes to the same
97 allocation and release functions. In this case, the parent data
98 structure is typically allocated, initialized, then registered in some
99 manner. Shadow variable allocation and setup can then be considered
100 part of the parent's initialization and should be completed before the
101 parent "goes live" (ie, any shadow variable get-API requests are made
102 for this <obj, id> pair.)
104 For commit 1d147bfa6429, when a parent sta_info structure is allocated,
105 allocate a shadow copy of the ps_lock pointer, then initialize it:
108 struct sta_info *sta_info_alloc(struct ieee80211_sub_if_data *sdata,
109 const u8 *addr, gfp_t gfp)
111 struct sta_info *sta;
114 /* Parent structure is created */
115 sta = kzalloc(sizeof(*sta) + hw->sta_data_size, gfp);
117 /* Attach a corresponding shadow variable, then initialize it */
118 ps_lock = klp_shadow_alloc(sta, PS_LOCK, sizeof(*ps_lock), gfp,
122 spin_lock_init(ps_lock);
125 When requiring a ps_lock, query the shadow variable API to retrieve one
126 for a specific struct sta_info:
128 void ieee80211_sta_ps_deliver_wakeup(struct sta_info *sta)
132 /* sync with ieee80211_tx_h_unicast_ps_buf */
133 ps_lock = klp_shadow_get(sta, PS_LOCK);
138 When the parent sta_info structure is freed, first free the shadow
141 void sta_info_free(struct ieee80211_local *local, struct sta_info *sta)
143 klp_shadow_free(sta, PS_LOCK, NULL);
148 In-flight parent objects
149 ------------------------
151 Sometimes it may not be convenient or possible to allocate shadow
152 variables alongside their parent objects. Or a livepatch fix may
153 require shadow varibles to only a subset of parent object instances. In
154 these cases, the klp_shadow_get_or_alloc() call can be used to attach
155 shadow variables to parents already in-flight.
157 For commit 1d147bfa6429, a good spot to allocate a shadow spinlock is
158 inside ieee80211_sta_ps_deliver_wakeup():
160 int ps_lock_shadow_ctor(void *obj, void *shadow_data, void *ctor_data)
162 spinlock_t *lock = shadow_data;
164 spin_lock_init(lock);
169 void ieee80211_sta_ps_deliver_wakeup(struct sta_info *sta)
173 /* sync with ieee80211_tx_h_unicast_ps_buf */
174 ps_lock = klp_shadow_get_or_alloc(sta, PS_LOCK,
175 sizeof(*ps_lock), GFP_ATOMIC,
176 ps_lock_shadow_ctor, NULL);
182 This usage will create a shadow variable, only if needed, otherwise it
183 will use one that was already created for this <obj, id> pair.
185 Like the previous use-case, the shadow spinlock needs to be cleaned up.
186 A shadow variable can be freed just before its parent object is freed,
187 or even when the shadow variable itself is no longer required.
193 Shadow variables can also be used as a flag indicating that a data
194 structure was allocated by new, livepatched code. In this case, it
195 doesn't matter what data value the shadow variable holds, its existence
196 suggests how to handle the parent object.
202 * https://github.com/dynup/kpatch
203 The livepatch implementation is based on the kpatch version of shadow
206 * http://files.mkgnu.net/files/dynamos/doc/papers/dynamos_eurosys_07.pdf
207 Dynamic and Adaptive Updates of Non-Quiescent Subsystems in Commodity
208 Operating System Kernels (Kritis Makris, Kyung Dong Ryu 2007) presented
209 a datatype update technique called "shadow data structures".