5 Your guide to the ancient and twisted locking policies of the tty layer and
6 the warped logic behind them. Beware all ye who read on.
12 Line disciplines are registered with tty_register_ldisc() passing the
13 discipline number and the ldisc structure. At the point of registration the
14 discipline must be ready to use and it is possible it will get used before
15 the call returns success. If the call returns an error then it won't get
16 called. Do not re-use ldisc numbers as they are part of the userspace ABI
17 and writing over an existing ldisc will cause demons to eat your computer.
18 After the return the ldisc data has been copied so you may free your own
19 copy of the structure. You must not re-register over the top of the line
20 discipline even with the same data or your computer again will be eaten by
23 In order to remove a line discipline call tty_unregister_ldisc().
24 In ancient times this always worked. In modern times the function will
25 return -EBUSY if the ldisc is currently in use. Since the ldisc referencing
26 code manages the module counts this should not usually be a concern.
28 Heed this warning: the reference count field of the registered copies of the
29 tty_ldisc structure in the ldisc table counts the number of lines using this
30 discipline. The reference count of the tty_ldisc structure within a tty
31 counts the number of active users of the ldisc at this instant. In effect it
32 counts the number of threads of execution within an ldisc method (plus those
33 about to enter and exit although this detail matters not).
35 Line Discipline Methods
36 -----------------------
41 ======================= =======================================================
42 open() Called when the line discipline is attached to
43 the terminal. No other call into the line
44 discipline for this tty will occur until it
45 completes successfully. Should initialize any
46 state needed by the ldisc, and set receive_room
47 in the tty_struct to the maximum amount of data
48 the line discipline is willing to accept from the
49 driver with a single call to receive_buf().
50 Returning an error will prevent the ldisc from
51 being attached. Can sleep.
53 close() This is called on a terminal when the line
54 discipline is being unplugged. At the point of
55 execution no further users will enter the
56 ldisc code for this tty. Can sleep.
58 hangup() Called when the tty line is hung up.
59 The line discipline should cease I/O to the tty.
60 No further calls into the ldisc code will occur.
61 The return value is ignored. Can sleep.
63 read() (optional) A process requests reading data from
64 the line. Multiple read calls may occur in parallel
65 and the ldisc must deal with serialization issues.
66 If not defined, the process will receive an EIO
69 write() (optional) A process requests writing data to the
70 line. Multiple write calls are serialized by the
71 tty layer for the ldisc. If not defined, the
72 process will receive an EIO error. May sleep.
74 flush_buffer() (optional) May be called at any point between
75 open and close, and instructs the line discipline
76 to empty its input buffer.
78 set_termios() (optional) Called on termios structure changes.
79 The caller passes the old termios data and the
80 current data is in the tty. Called under the
81 termios semaphore so allowed to sleep. Serialized
84 poll() (optional) Check the status for the poll/select
85 calls. Multiple poll calls may occur in parallel.
88 ioctl() (optional) Called when an ioctl is handed to the
89 tty layer that might be for the ldisc. Multiple
90 ioctl calls may occur in parallel. May sleep.
92 compat_ioctl() (optional) Called when a 32 bit ioctl is handed
93 to the tty layer that might be for the ldisc.
94 Multiple ioctl calls may occur in parallel.
96 ======================= =======================================================
98 Driver Side Interfaces
99 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
101 ======================= =======================================================
102 receive_buf() (optional) Called by the low-level driver to hand
103 a buffer of received bytes to the ldisc for
104 processing. The number of bytes is guaranteed not
105 to exceed the current value of tty->receive_room.
106 All bytes must be processed.
108 receive_buf2() (optional) Called by the low-level driver to hand
109 a buffer of received bytes to the ldisc for
110 processing. Returns the number of bytes processed.
112 If both receive_buf() and receive_buf2() are
113 defined, receive_buf2() should be preferred.
115 write_wakeup() May be called at any point between open and close.
116 The TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP flag indicates if a call
117 is needed but always races versus calls. Thus the
118 ldisc must be careful about setting order and to
119 handle unexpected calls. Must not sleep.
121 The driver is forbidden from calling this directly
122 from the ->write call from the ldisc as the ldisc
123 is permitted to call the driver write method from
124 this function. In such a situation defer it.
126 dcd_change() Report to the tty line the current DCD pin status
127 changes and the relative timestamp. The timestamp
129 ======================= =======================================================
135 Line discipline methods can call the following methods of the underlying
136 hardware driver through the function pointers within the tty->driver
139 ======================= =======================================================
140 write() Write a block of characters to the tty device.
141 Returns the number of characters accepted. The
142 character buffer passed to this method is already
145 put_char() Queues a character for writing to the tty device.
146 If there is no room in the queue, the character is
149 flush_chars() (Optional) If defined, must be called after
150 queueing characters with put_char() in order to
153 write_room() Returns the numbers of characters the tty driver
154 will accept for queueing to be written.
156 ioctl() Invoke device specific ioctl.
157 Expects data pointers to refer to userspace.
158 Returns ENOIOCTLCMD for unrecognized ioctl numbers.
160 set_termios() Notify the tty driver that the device's termios
161 settings have changed. New settings are in
162 tty->termios. Previous settings should be passed in
165 The API is defined such that the driver should return
166 the actual modes selected. This means that the
167 driver function is responsible for modifying any
168 bits in the request it cannot fulfill to indicate
169 the actual modes being used. A device with no
170 hardware capability for change (e.g. a USB dongle or
171 virtual port) can provide NULL for this method.
173 throttle() Notify the tty driver that input buffers for the
174 line discipline are close to full, and it should
175 somehow signal that no more characters should be
178 unthrottle() Notify the tty driver that characters can now be
179 sent to the tty without fear of overrunning the
180 input buffers of the line disciplines.
182 stop() Ask the tty driver to stop outputting characters
185 start() Ask the tty driver to resume sending characters
188 hangup() Ask the tty driver to hang up the tty device.
190 break_ctl() (Optional) Ask the tty driver to turn on or off
191 BREAK status on the RS-232 port. If state is -1,
192 then the BREAK status should be turned on; if
193 state is 0, then BREAK should be turned off.
194 If this routine is not implemented, use ioctls
195 TIOCSBRK / TIOCCBRK instead.
197 wait_until_sent() Waits until the device has written out all of the
198 characters in its transmitter FIFO.
200 send_xchar() Send a high-priority XON/XOFF character to the device.
201 ======================= =======================================================
207 Line discipline methods have access to tty->flags field containing the
208 following interesting flags:
210 ======================= =======================================================
211 TTY_THROTTLED Driver input is throttled. The ldisc should call
212 tty->driver->unthrottle() in order to resume
213 reception when it is ready to process more data.
215 TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP If set, causes the driver to call the ldisc's
216 write_wakeup() method in order to resume
217 transmission when it can accept more data
220 TTY_IO_ERROR If set, causes all subsequent userspace read/write
221 calls on the tty to fail, returning -EIO.
223 TTY_OTHER_CLOSED Device is a pty and the other side has closed.
225 TTY_NO_WRITE_SPLIT Prevent driver from splitting up writes into
227 ======================= =======================================================
233 Callers to the line discipline functions from the tty layer are required to
234 take line discipline locks. The same is true of calls from the driver side
235 but not yet enforced.
237 Three calls are now provided::
239 ldisc = tty_ldisc_ref(tty);
241 takes a handle to the line discipline in the tty and returns it. If no ldisc
242 is currently attached or the ldisc is being closed and re-opened at this
243 point then NULL is returned. While this handle is held the ldisc will not
246 tty_ldisc_deref(ldisc)
248 Returns the ldisc reference and allows the ldisc to be closed. Returning the
249 reference takes away your right to call the ldisc functions until you take
252 ldisc = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty);
254 Performs the same function as tty_ldisc_ref except that it will wait for an
255 ldisc change to complete and then return a reference to the new ldisc.
257 While these functions are slightly slower than the old code they should have
258 minimal impact as most receive logic uses the flip buffers and they only
259 need to take a reference when they push bits up through the driver.
261 A caution: The ldisc->open(), ldisc->close() and driver->set_ldisc
262 functions are called with the ldisc unavailable. Thus tty_ldisc_ref will
263 fail in this situation if used within these functions. Ldisc and driver
264 code calling its own functions must be careful in this case.
270 ======================= =======================================================
271 open() Called when a device is opened. May sleep
273 close() Called when a device is closed. At the point of
274 return from this call the driver must make no
275 further ldisc calls of any kind. May sleep
277 write() Called to write bytes to the device. May not
278 sleep. May occur in parallel in special cases.
279 Because this includes panic paths drivers generally
280 shouldn't try and do clever locking here.
282 put_char() Stuff a single character onto the queue. The
283 driver is guaranteed following up calls to
286 flush_chars() Ask the kernel to write put_char queue
288 write_room() Return the number of characters that can be stuffed
289 into the port buffers without overflow (or less).
290 The ldisc is responsible for being intelligent
291 about multi-threading of write_room/write calls
293 ioctl() Called when an ioctl may be for the driver
295 set_termios() Called on termios change, serialized against
296 itself by a semaphore. May sleep.
298 set_ldisc() Notifier for discipline change. At the point this
299 is done the discipline is not yet usable. Can now
302 throttle() Called by the ldisc to ask the driver to do flow
303 control. Serialization including with unthrottle
304 is the job of the ldisc layer.
306 unthrottle() Called by the ldisc to ask the driver to stop flow
309 stop() Ldisc notifier to the driver to stop output. As with
310 throttle the serializations with start() are down
313 start() Ldisc notifier to the driver to start output.
315 hangup() Ask the tty driver to cause a hangup initiated
316 from the host side. [Can sleep ??]
318 break_ctl() Send RS232 break. Can sleep. Can get called in
319 parallel, driver must serialize (for now), and
322 wait_until_sent() Wait for characters to exit the hardware queue
323 of the driver. Can sleep
325 send_xchar() Send XON/XOFF and if possible jump the queue with
326 it in order to get fast flow control responses.
328 ======================= =======================================================