1 Fault injection capabilities infrastructure
2 ===========================================
4 See also drivers/md/md-faulty.c and "every_nth" module option for scsi_debug.
7 Available fault injection capabilities
8 --------------------------------------
12 injects slab allocation failures. (kmalloc(), kmem_cache_alloc(), ...)
16 injects page allocation failures. (alloc_pages(), get_free_pages(), ...)
20 injects futex deadlock and uaddr fault errors.
24 injects disk IO errors on devices permitted by setting
25 /sys/block/<device>/make-it-fail or
26 /sys/block/<device>/<partition>/make-it-fail. (generic_make_request())
30 injects MMC data errors on devices permitted by setting
31 debugfs entries under /sys/kernel/debug/mmc0/fail_mmc_request
35 injects error return on specific functions, which are marked by
36 ALLOW_ERROR_INJECTION() macro, by setting debugfs entries
37 under /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function. No boot option supported.
39 o NVMe fault injection
41 inject NVMe status code and retry flag on devices permitted by setting
42 debugfs entries under /sys/kernel/debug/nvme*/fault_inject. The default
43 status code is NVME_SC_INVALID_OPCODE with no retry. The status code and
44 retry flag can be set via the debugfs.
47 Configure fault-injection capabilities behavior
48 -----------------------------------------------
52 fault-inject-debugfs kernel module provides some debugfs entries for runtime
53 configuration of fault-injection capabilities.
55 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/probability:
57 likelihood of failure injection, in percent.
60 Note that one-failure-per-hundred is a very high error rate
61 for some testcases. Consider setting probability=100 and configure
62 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval for such testcases.
64 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval:
66 specifies the interval between failures, for calls to
67 should_fail() that pass all the other tests.
69 Note that if you enable this, by setting interval>1, you will
70 probably want to set probability=100.
72 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/times:
74 specifies how many times failures may happen at most.
75 A value of -1 means "no limit".
77 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/space:
79 specifies an initial resource "budget", decremented by "size"
80 on each call to should_fail(,size). Failure injection is
81 suppressed until "space" reaches zero.
83 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/verbose
86 specifies the verbosity of the messages when failure is
87 injected. '0' means no messages; '1' will print only a single
88 log line per failure; '2' will print a call trace too -- useful
89 to debug the problems revealed by fault injection.
91 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/task-filter:
94 A value of 'N' disables filtering by process (default).
95 Any positive value limits failures to only processes indicated by
96 /proc/<pid>/make-it-fail==1.
98 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-start:
99 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-end:
100 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-start:
101 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-end:
103 specifies the range of virtual addresses tested during
104 stacktrace walking. Failure is injected only if some caller
105 in the walked stacktrace lies within the required range, and
106 none lies within the rejected range.
107 Default required range is [0,ULONG_MAX) (whole of virtual address space).
108 Default rejected range is [0,0).
110 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/stacktrace-depth:
112 specifies the maximum stacktrace depth walked during search
113 for a caller within [require-start,require-end) OR
114 [reject-start,reject-end).
116 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-highmem:
118 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
119 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' won't inject failures into
120 highmem/user allocations.
122 - /sys/kernel/debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait:
123 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-wait:
125 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
126 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will inject failures
127 only into non-sleep allocations (GFP_ATOMIC allocations).
129 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/min-order:
131 specifies the minimum page allocation order to be injected
134 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_futex/ignore-private:
136 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
137 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will disable failure injections
138 when dealing with private (address space) futexes.
140 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/inject:
142 Format: { 'function-name' | '!function-name' | '' }
143 specifies the target function of error injection by name.
144 If the function name leads '!' prefix, given function is
145 removed from injection list. If nothing specified ('')
146 injection list is cleared.
148 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/injectable:
150 (read only) shows error injectable functions and what type of
151 error values can be specified. The error type will be one of
153 - NULL: retval must be 0.
154 - ERRNO: retval must be -1 to -MAX_ERRNO (-4096).
155 - ERR_NULL: retval must be 0 or -1 to -MAX_ERRNO (-4096).
157 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/<functiuon-name>/retval:
159 specifies the "error" return value to inject to the given
160 function for given function. This will be created when
161 user specifies new injection entry.
165 In order to inject faults while debugfs is not available (early boot time),
172 mmc_core.fail_request=<interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
176 - /proc/<pid>/fail-nth:
177 - /proc/self/task/<tid>/fail-nth:
179 Write to this file of integer N makes N-th call in the task fail.
180 Read from this file returns a integer value. A value of '0' indicates
181 that the fault setup with a previous write to this file was injected.
182 A positive integer N indicates that the fault wasn't yet injected.
183 Note that this file enables all types of faults (slab, futex, etc).
184 This setting takes precedence over all other generic debugfs settings
185 like probability, interval, times, etc. But per-capability settings
186 (e.g. fail_futex/ignore-private) take precedence over it.
188 This feature is intended for systematic testing of faults in a single
189 system call. See an example below.
191 How to add new fault injection capability
192 -----------------------------------------
194 o #include <linux/fault-inject.h>
196 o define the fault attributes
198 DECLARE_FAULT_INJECTION(name);
200 Please see the definition of struct fault_attr in fault-inject.h
203 o provide a way to configure fault attributes
207 If you need to enable the fault injection capability from boot time, you can
208 provide boot option to configure it. There is a helper function for it:
210 setup_fault_attr(attr, str);
214 failslab, fail_page_alloc, and fail_make_request use this way.
217 fault_create_debugfs_attr(name, parent, attr);
221 If the scope of the fault injection capability is limited to a
222 single kernel module, it is better to provide module parameters to
223 configure the fault attributes.
225 o add a hook to insert failures
227 Upon should_fail() returning true, client code should inject a failure.
229 should_fail(attr, size);
234 o Inject slab allocation failures into module init/exit code
239 echo Y > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
240 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
241 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
242 echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
243 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
244 echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
245 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait
249 bash -c "echo 1 > /proc/self/make-it-fail && exec $*"
254 echo "Usage: $0 modulename [ modulename ... ]"
261 faulty_system modprobe $m
264 faulty_system modprobe -r $m
267 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
269 o Inject page allocation failures only for a specific module
273 FAILTYPE=fail_page_alloc
278 echo "Usage: $0 <modulename>"
284 if [ ! -d /sys/module/$module/sections ]
286 echo Module $module is not loaded
290 cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.text > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-start
291 cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.data > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-end
293 echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
294 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
295 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
296 echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
297 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
298 echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
299 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait
300 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-highmem
301 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/stacktrace-depth
303 trap "echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability" SIGINT SIGTERM EXIT
305 echo "Injecting errors into the module $module... (interrupt to stop)"
308 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
310 o Inject open_ctree error while btrfs mount
315 dd if=/dev/zero of=testfile.img bs=1M seek=1000 count=1
316 DEVICE=$(losetup --show -f testfile.img)
317 mkfs.btrfs -f $DEVICE
320 FAILTYPE=fail_function
322 echo $FAILFUNC > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/inject
323 echo -12 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/$FAILFUNC/retval
324 echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
325 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
326 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
327 echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
328 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
329 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
331 mount -t btrfs $DEVICE tmpmnt
340 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/inject
347 Tool to run command with failslab or fail_page_alloc
348 ----------------------------------------------------
349 In order to make it easier to accomplish the tasks mentioned above, we can use
350 tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh. Please run a command
351 "./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --help" for more information and
352 see the following examples.
356 Run a command "make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests" with injecting slab
359 # ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh \
360 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
362 Same as above except to specify 100 times failures at most instead of one time
365 # ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --times=100 \
366 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
368 Same as above except to inject page allocation failure instead of slab
371 # env FAILCMD_TYPE=fail_page_alloc \
372 ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --times=100 \
373 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
375 Systematic faults using fail-nth
376 ---------------------------------
378 The following code systematically faults 0-th, 1-st, 2-nd and so on
379 capabilities in the socketpair() system call.
381 #include <sys/types.h>
382 #include <sys/stat.h>
383 #include <sys/socket.h>
384 #include <sys/syscall.h>
394 int i, err, res, fail_nth, fds[2];
397 system("echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait");
398 sprintf(buf, "/proc/self/task/%ld/fail-nth", syscall(SYS_gettid));
399 fail_nth = open(buf, O_RDWR);
401 sprintf(buf, "%d", i);
402 write(fail_nth, buf, strlen(buf));
403 res = socketpair(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0, fds);
405 pread(fail_nth, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
410 printf("%d-th fault %c: res=%d/%d\n", i, atoi(buf) ? 'N' : 'Y',
420 1-th fault Y: res=-1/23
421 2-th fault Y: res=-1/23
422 3-th fault Y: res=-1/12
423 4-th fault Y: res=-1/12
424 5-th fault Y: res=-1/23
425 6-th fault Y: res=-1/23
426 7-th fault Y: res=-1/23
427 8-th fault Y: res=-1/12
428 9-th fault Y: res=-1/12
429 10-th fault Y: res=-1/12
430 11-th fault Y: res=-1/12
431 12-th fault Y: res=-1/12
432 13-th fault Y: res=-1/12
433 14-th fault Y: res=-1/12
434 15-th fault Y: res=-1/12
435 16-th fault N: res=0/12