1 Ceph Distributed File System
2 ============================
4 Ceph is a distributed network file system designed to provide good
5 performance, reliability, and scalability.
7 Basic features include:
10 * Seamless scaling from 1 to many thousands of nodes
11 * High availability and reliability. No single point of failure.
12 * N-way replication of data across storage nodes
13 * Fast recovery from node failures
14 * Automatic rebalancing of data on node addition/removal
15 * Easy deployment: most FS components are userspace daemons
18 * Flexible snapshots (on any directory)
19 * Recursive accounting (nested files, directories, bytes)
21 In contrast to cluster filesystems like GFS, OCFS2, and GPFS that rely
22 on symmetric access by all clients to shared block devices, Ceph
23 separates data and metadata management into independent server
24 clusters, similar to Lustre. Unlike Lustre, however, metadata and
25 storage nodes run entirely as user space daemons. File data is striped
26 across storage nodes in large chunks to distribute workload and
27 facilitate high throughputs. When storage nodes fail, data is
28 re-replicated in a distributed fashion by the storage nodes themselves
29 (with some minimal coordination from a cluster monitor), making the
30 system extremely efficient and scalable.
32 Metadata servers effectively form a large, consistent, distributed
33 in-memory cache above the file namespace that is extremely scalable,
34 dynamically redistributes metadata in response to workload changes,
35 and can tolerate arbitrary (well, non-Byzantine) node failures. The
36 metadata server takes a somewhat unconventional approach to metadata
37 storage to significantly improve performance for common workloads. In
38 particular, inodes with only a single link are embedded in
39 directories, allowing entire directories of dentries and inodes to be
40 loaded into its cache with a single I/O operation. The contents of
41 extremely large directories can be fragmented and managed by
42 independent metadata servers, allowing scalable concurrent access.
44 The system offers automatic data rebalancing/migration when scaling
45 from a small cluster of just a few nodes to many hundreds, without
46 requiring an administrator carve the data set into static volumes or
47 go through the tedious process of migrating data between servers.
48 When the file system approaches full, new nodes can be easily added
49 and things will "just work."
51 Ceph includes flexible snapshot mechanism that allows a user to create
52 a snapshot on any subdirectory (and its nested contents) in the
53 system. Snapshot creation and deletion are as simple as 'mkdir
54 .snap/foo' and 'rmdir .snap/foo'.
56 Ceph also provides some recursive accounting on directories for nested
57 files and bytes. That is, a 'getfattr -d foo' on any directory in the
58 system will reveal the total number of nested regular files and
59 subdirectories, and a summation of all nested file sizes. This makes
60 the identification of large disk space consumers relatively quick, as
61 no 'du' or similar recursive scan of the file system is required.
63 Finally, Ceph also allows quotas to be set on any directory in the system.
64 The quota can restrict the number of bytes or the number of files stored
65 beneath that point in the directory hierarchy. Quotas can be set using
66 extended attributes 'ceph.quota.max_files' and 'ceph.quota.max_bytes', eg:
68 setfattr -n ceph.quota.max_bytes -v 100000000 /some/dir
69 getfattr -n ceph.quota.max_bytes /some/dir
71 A limitation of the current quotas implementation is that it relies on the
72 cooperation of the client mounting the file system to stop writers when a
73 limit is reached. A modified or adversarial client cannot be prevented
74 from writing as much data as it needs.
79 The basic mount syntax is:
81 # mount -t ceph monip[:port][,monip2[:port]...]:/[subdir] mnt
83 You only need to specify a single monitor, as the client will get the
84 full list when it connects. (However, if the monitor you specify
85 happens to be down, the mount won't succeed.) The port can be left
86 off if the monitor is using the default. So if the monitor is at
89 # mount -t ceph 1.2.3.4:/ /mnt/ceph
91 is sufficient. If /sbin/mount.ceph is installed, a hostname can be
92 used instead of an IP address.
100 Specify the IP and/or port the client should bind to locally.
101 There is normally not much reason to do this. If the IP is not
102 specified, the client's IP address is determined by looking at the
103 address its connection to the monitor originates from.
106 Specify the maximum write size in bytes. Default: 16 MB.
109 Specify the maximum read size in bytes. Default: 16 MB.
112 Specify the maximum readahead size in bytes. Default: 8 MB.
115 Specify the timeout value for mount (in seconds), in the case
116 of a non-responsive Ceph file system. The default is 30
120 Specify the maximum number of caps to hold. Unused caps are released
121 when number of caps exceeds the limit. The default is 0 (no limit)
124 When stat() is called on a directory, set st_size to 'rbytes',
125 the summation of file sizes over all files nested beneath that
126 directory. This is the default.
129 When stat() is called on a directory, set st_size to the
130 number of entries in that directory.
133 Disable CRC32C calculation for data writes. If set, the storage node
134 must rely on TCP's error correction to detect data corruption
138 Use the dcache contents to perform negative lookups and
139 readdir when the client has the entire directory contents in
140 its cache. (This does not change correctness; the client uses
141 cached metadata only when a lease or capability ensures it is
145 Do not use the dcache as above. This avoids a significant amount of
146 complex code, sacrificing performance without affecting correctness,
147 and is useful for tracking down bugs.
150 Do not use the dcache as above for readdir.
153 Report overall filesystem usage in statfs instead of using the root
157 Don't use the RADOS 'copy-from' operation to perform remote object
158 copies. Currently, it's only used in copy_file_range, which will revert
159 to the default VFS implementation if this option is used.
164 For more information on Ceph, see the home page at
167 The Linux kernel client source tree is available at
168 https://github.com/ceph/ceph-client.git
169 git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sage/ceph-client.git
171 and the source for the full system is at
172 https://github.com/ceph/ceph.git