1 /* Task credentials management - see Documentation/security/credentials.txt
3 * Copyright (C) 2008 Red Hat, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
4 * Written by David Howells (dhowells@redhat.com)
6 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
7 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence
8 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
9 * 2 of the Licence, or (at your option) any later version.
11 #include <linux/export.h>
12 #include <linux/cred.h>
13 #include <linux/slab.h>
14 #include <linux/sched.h>
15 #include <linux/key.h>
16 #include <linux/keyctl.h>
17 #include <linux/init_task.h>
18 #include <linux/security.h>
19 #include <linux/binfmts.h>
20 #include <linux/cn_proc.h>
23 #define kdebug(FMT, ...) \
24 printk("[%-5.5s%5u] "FMT"\n", current->comm, current->pid ,##__VA_ARGS__)
26 #define kdebug(FMT, ...) \
27 no_printk("[%-5.5s%5u] "FMT"\n", current->comm, current->pid ,##__VA_ARGS__)
30 static struct kmem_cache
*cred_jar
;
33 * The initial credentials for the initial task
35 struct cred init_cred
= {
36 .usage
= ATOMIC_INIT(4),
37 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
38 .subscribers
= ATOMIC_INIT(2),
41 .uid
= GLOBAL_ROOT_UID
,
42 .gid
= GLOBAL_ROOT_GID
,
43 .suid
= GLOBAL_ROOT_UID
,
44 .sgid
= GLOBAL_ROOT_GID
,
45 .euid
= GLOBAL_ROOT_UID
,
46 .egid
= GLOBAL_ROOT_GID
,
47 .fsuid
= GLOBAL_ROOT_UID
,
48 .fsgid
= GLOBAL_ROOT_GID
,
49 .securebits
= SECUREBITS_DEFAULT
,
50 .cap_inheritable
= CAP_EMPTY_SET
,
51 .cap_permitted
= CAP_FULL_SET
,
52 .cap_effective
= CAP_FULL_SET
,
53 .cap_bset
= CAP_FULL_SET
,
55 .user_ns
= &init_user_ns
,
56 .group_info
= &init_groups
,
59 static inline void set_cred_subscribers(struct cred
*cred
, int n
)
61 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
62 atomic_set(&cred
->subscribers
, n
);
66 static inline int read_cred_subscribers(const struct cred
*cred
)
68 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
69 return atomic_read(&cred
->subscribers
);
75 static inline void alter_cred_subscribers(const struct cred
*_cred
, int n
)
77 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
78 struct cred
*cred
= (struct cred
*) _cred
;
80 atomic_add(n
, &cred
->subscribers
);
85 * The RCU callback to actually dispose of a set of credentials
87 static void put_cred_rcu(struct rcu_head
*rcu
)
89 struct cred
*cred
= container_of(rcu
, struct cred
, rcu
);
91 kdebug("put_cred_rcu(%p)", cred
);
93 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
94 if (cred
->magic
!= CRED_MAGIC_DEAD
||
95 atomic_read(&cred
->usage
) != 0 ||
96 read_cred_subscribers(cred
) != 0)
97 panic("CRED: put_cred_rcu() sees %p with"
98 " mag %x, put %p, usage %d, subscr %d\n",
99 cred
, cred
->magic
, cred
->put_addr
,
100 atomic_read(&cred
->usage
),
101 read_cred_subscribers(cred
));
103 if (atomic_read(&cred
->usage
) != 0)
104 panic("CRED: put_cred_rcu() sees %p with usage %d\n",
105 cred
, atomic_read(&cred
->usage
));
108 security_cred_free(cred
);
109 key_put(cred
->session_keyring
);
110 key_put(cred
->process_keyring
);
111 key_put(cred
->thread_keyring
);
112 key_put(cred
->request_key_auth
);
113 if (cred
->group_info
)
114 put_group_info(cred
->group_info
);
115 free_uid(cred
->user
);
116 put_user_ns(cred
->user_ns
);
117 kmem_cache_free(cred_jar
, cred
);
121 * __put_cred - Destroy a set of credentials
122 * @cred: The record to release
124 * Destroy a set of credentials on which no references remain.
126 void __put_cred(struct cred
*cred
)
128 kdebug("__put_cred(%p{%d,%d})", cred
,
129 atomic_read(&cred
->usage
),
130 read_cred_subscribers(cred
));
132 BUG_ON(atomic_read(&cred
->usage
) != 0);
133 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
134 BUG_ON(read_cred_subscribers(cred
) != 0);
135 cred
->magic
= CRED_MAGIC_DEAD
;
136 cred
->put_addr
= __builtin_return_address(0);
138 BUG_ON(cred
== current
->cred
);
139 BUG_ON(cred
== current
->real_cred
);
141 call_rcu(&cred
->rcu
, put_cred_rcu
);
143 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__put_cred
);
146 * Clean up a task's credentials when it exits
148 void exit_creds(struct task_struct
*tsk
)
152 kdebug("exit_creds(%u,%p,%p,{%d,%d})", tsk
->pid
, tsk
->real_cred
, tsk
->cred
,
153 atomic_read(&tsk
->cred
->usage
),
154 read_cred_subscribers(tsk
->cred
));
156 cred
= (struct cred
*) tsk
->real_cred
;
157 tsk
->real_cred
= NULL
;
158 validate_creds(cred
);
159 alter_cred_subscribers(cred
, -1);
162 cred
= (struct cred
*) tsk
->cred
;
164 validate_creds(cred
);
165 alter_cred_subscribers(cred
, -1);
170 * get_task_cred - Get another task's objective credentials
171 * @task: The task to query
173 * Get the objective credentials of a task, pinning them so that they can't go
174 * away. Accessing a task's credentials directly is not permitted.
176 * The caller must also make sure task doesn't get deleted, either by holding a
177 * ref on task or by holding tasklist_lock to prevent it from being unlinked.
179 const struct cred
*get_task_cred(struct task_struct
*task
)
181 const struct cred
*cred
;
186 cred
= __task_cred((task
));
188 } while (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&((struct cred
*)cred
)->usage
));
195 * Allocate blank credentials, such that the credentials can be filled in at a
196 * later date without risk of ENOMEM.
198 struct cred
*cred_alloc_blank(void)
202 new = kmem_cache_zalloc(cred_jar
, GFP_KERNEL
);
206 atomic_set(&new->usage
, 1);
207 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
208 new->magic
= CRED_MAGIC
;
211 if (security_cred_alloc_blank(new, GFP_KERNEL
) < 0)
222 * prepare_creds - Prepare a new set of credentials for modification
224 * Prepare a new set of task credentials for modification. A task's creds
225 * shouldn't generally be modified directly, therefore this function is used to
226 * prepare a new copy, which the caller then modifies and then commits by
227 * calling commit_creds().
229 * Preparation involves making a copy of the objective creds for modification.
231 * Returns a pointer to the new creds-to-be if successful, NULL otherwise.
233 * Call commit_creds() or abort_creds() to clean up.
235 struct cred
*prepare_creds(void)
237 struct task_struct
*task
= current
;
238 const struct cred
*old
;
241 validate_process_creds();
243 new = kmem_cache_alloc(cred_jar
, GFP_KERNEL
);
247 kdebug("prepare_creds() alloc %p", new);
250 memcpy(new, old
, sizeof(struct cred
));
252 atomic_set(&new->usage
, 1);
253 set_cred_subscribers(new, 0);
254 get_group_info(new->group_info
);
256 get_user_ns(new->user_ns
);
259 key_get(new->session_keyring
);
260 key_get(new->process_keyring
);
261 key_get(new->thread_keyring
);
262 key_get(new->request_key_auth
);
265 #ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
266 new->security
= NULL
;
269 if (security_prepare_creds(new, old
, GFP_KERNEL
) < 0)
278 EXPORT_SYMBOL(prepare_creds
);
281 * Prepare credentials for current to perform an execve()
282 * - The caller must hold ->cred_guard_mutex
284 struct cred
*prepare_exec_creds(void)
288 new = prepare_creds();
293 /* newly exec'd tasks don't get a thread keyring */
294 key_put(new->thread_keyring
);
295 new->thread_keyring
= NULL
;
297 /* inherit the session keyring; new process keyring */
298 key_put(new->process_keyring
);
299 new->process_keyring
= NULL
;
306 * Copy credentials for the new process created by fork()
308 * We share if we can, but under some circumstances we have to generate a new
311 * The new process gets the current process's subjective credentials as its
312 * objective and subjective credentials
314 int copy_creds(struct task_struct
*p
, unsigned long clone_flags
)
321 !p
->cred
->thread_keyring
&&
323 clone_flags
& CLONE_THREAD
325 p
->real_cred
= get_cred(p
->cred
);
327 alter_cred_subscribers(p
->cred
, 2);
328 kdebug("share_creds(%p{%d,%d})",
329 p
->cred
, atomic_read(&p
->cred
->usage
),
330 read_cred_subscribers(p
->cred
));
331 atomic_inc(&p
->cred
->user
->processes
);
335 new = prepare_creds();
339 if (clone_flags
& CLONE_NEWUSER
) {
340 ret
= create_user_ns(new);
346 /* new threads get their own thread keyrings if their parent already
348 if (new->thread_keyring
) {
349 key_put(new->thread_keyring
);
350 new->thread_keyring
= NULL
;
351 if (clone_flags
& CLONE_THREAD
)
352 install_thread_keyring_to_cred(new);
355 /* The process keyring is only shared between the threads in a process;
356 * anything outside of those threads doesn't inherit.
358 if (!(clone_flags
& CLONE_THREAD
)) {
359 key_put(new->process_keyring
);
360 new->process_keyring
= NULL
;
364 atomic_inc(&new->user
->processes
);
365 p
->cred
= p
->real_cred
= get_cred(new);
366 alter_cred_subscribers(new, 2);
375 static bool cred_cap_issubset(const struct cred
*set
, const struct cred
*subset
)
377 const struct user_namespace
*set_ns
= set
->user_ns
;
378 const struct user_namespace
*subset_ns
= subset
->user_ns
;
380 /* If the two credentials are in the same user namespace see if
381 * the capabilities of subset are a subset of set.
383 if (set_ns
== subset_ns
)
384 return cap_issubset(subset
->cap_permitted
, set
->cap_permitted
);
386 /* The credentials are in a different user namespaces
387 * therefore one is a subset of the other only if a set is an
388 * ancestor of subset and set->euid is owner of subset or one
389 * of subsets ancestors.
391 for (;subset_ns
!= &init_user_ns
; subset_ns
= subset_ns
->parent
) {
392 if ((set_ns
== subset_ns
->parent
) &&
393 uid_eq(subset_ns
->owner
, set
->euid
))
401 * commit_creds - Install new credentials upon the current task
402 * @new: The credentials to be assigned
404 * Install a new set of credentials to the current task, using RCU to replace
405 * the old set. Both the objective and the subjective credentials pointers are
406 * updated. This function may not be called if the subjective credentials are
407 * in an overridden state.
409 * This function eats the caller's reference to the new credentials.
411 * Always returns 0 thus allowing this function to be tail-called at the end
412 * of, say, sys_setgid().
414 int commit_creds(struct cred
*new)
416 struct task_struct
*task
= current
;
417 const struct cred
*old
= task
->real_cred
;
419 kdebug("commit_creds(%p{%d,%d})", new,
420 atomic_read(&new->usage
),
421 read_cred_subscribers(new));
423 BUG_ON(task
->cred
!= old
);
424 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
425 BUG_ON(read_cred_subscribers(old
) < 2);
429 BUG_ON(atomic_read(&new->usage
) < 1);
431 get_cred(new); /* we will require a ref for the subj creds too */
433 /* dumpability changes */
434 if (!uid_eq(old
->euid
, new->euid
) ||
435 !gid_eq(old
->egid
, new->egid
) ||
436 !uid_eq(old
->fsuid
, new->fsuid
) ||
437 !gid_eq(old
->fsgid
, new->fsgid
) ||
438 !cred_cap_issubset(old
, new)) {
440 set_dumpable(task
->mm
, suid_dumpable
);
441 task
->pdeath_signal
= 0;
443 * If a task drops privileges and becomes nondumpable,
444 * the dumpability change must become visible before
445 * the credential change; otherwise, a __ptrace_may_access()
446 * racing with this change may be able to attach to a task it
447 * shouldn't be able to attach to (as if the task had dropped
448 * privileges without becoming nondumpable).
449 * Pairs with a read barrier in __ptrace_may_access().
454 /* alter the thread keyring */
455 if (!uid_eq(new->fsuid
, old
->fsuid
))
456 key_fsuid_changed(task
);
457 if (!gid_eq(new->fsgid
, old
->fsgid
))
458 key_fsgid_changed(task
);
461 * RLIMIT_NPROC limits on user->processes have already been checked
464 alter_cred_subscribers(new, 2);
465 if (new->user
!= old
->user
)
466 atomic_inc(&new->user
->processes
);
467 rcu_assign_pointer(task
->real_cred
, new);
468 rcu_assign_pointer(task
->cred
, new);
469 if (new->user
!= old
->user
)
470 atomic_dec(&old
->user
->processes
);
471 alter_cred_subscribers(old
, -2);
473 /* send notifications */
474 if (!uid_eq(new->uid
, old
->uid
) ||
475 !uid_eq(new->euid
, old
->euid
) ||
476 !uid_eq(new->suid
, old
->suid
) ||
477 !uid_eq(new->fsuid
, old
->fsuid
))
478 proc_id_connector(task
, PROC_EVENT_UID
);
480 if (!gid_eq(new->gid
, old
->gid
) ||
481 !gid_eq(new->egid
, old
->egid
) ||
482 !gid_eq(new->sgid
, old
->sgid
) ||
483 !gid_eq(new->fsgid
, old
->fsgid
))
484 proc_id_connector(task
, PROC_EVENT_GID
);
486 /* release the old obj and subj refs both */
491 EXPORT_SYMBOL(commit_creds
);
494 * abort_creds - Discard a set of credentials and unlock the current task
495 * @new: The credentials that were going to be applied
497 * Discard a set of credentials that were under construction and unlock the
500 void abort_creds(struct cred
*new)
502 kdebug("abort_creds(%p{%d,%d})", new,
503 atomic_read(&new->usage
),
504 read_cred_subscribers(new));
506 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
507 BUG_ON(read_cred_subscribers(new) != 0);
509 BUG_ON(atomic_read(&new->usage
) < 1);
512 EXPORT_SYMBOL(abort_creds
);
515 * override_creds - Override the current process's subjective credentials
516 * @new: The credentials to be assigned
518 * Install a set of temporary override subjective credentials on the current
519 * process, returning the old set for later reversion.
521 const struct cred
*override_creds(const struct cred
*new)
523 const struct cred
*old
= current
->cred
;
525 kdebug("override_creds(%p{%d,%d})", new,
526 atomic_read(&new->usage
),
527 read_cred_subscribers(new));
532 alter_cred_subscribers(new, 1);
533 rcu_assign_pointer(current
->cred
, new);
534 alter_cred_subscribers(old
, -1);
536 kdebug("override_creds() = %p{%d,%d}", old
,
537 atomic_read(&old
->usage
),
538 read_cred_subscribers(old
));
541 EXPORT_SYMBOL(override_creds
);
544 * revert_creds - Revert a temporary subjective credentials override
545 * @old: The credentials to be restored
547 * Revert a temporary set of override subjective credentials to an old set,
548 * discarding the override set.
550 void revert_creds(const struct cred
*old
)
552 const struct cred
*override
= current
->cred
;
554 kdebug("revert_creds(%p{%d,%d})", old
,
555 atomic_read(&old
->usage
),
556 read_cred_subscribers(old
));
559 validate_creds(override
);
560 alter_cred_subscribers(old
, 1);
561 rcu_assign_pointer(current
->cred
, old
);
562 alter_cred_subscribers(override
, -1);
565 EXPORT_SYMBOL(revert_creds
);
568 * initialise the credentials stuff
570 void __init
cred_init(void)
572 /* allocate a slab in which we can store credentials */
573 cred_jar
= kmem_cache_create("cred_jar", sizeof(struct cred
),
574 0, SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN
|SLAB_PANIC
, NULL
);
578 * prepare_kernel_cred - Prepare a set of credentials for a kernel service
579 * @daemon: A userspace daemon to be used as a reference
581 * Prepare a set of credentials for a kernel service. This can then be used to
582 * override a task's own credentials so that work can be done on behalf of that
583 * task that requires a different subjective context.
585 * @daemon is used to provide a base for the security record, but can be NULL.
586 * If @daemon is supplied, then the security data will be derived from that;
587 * otherwise they'll be set to 0 and no groups, full capabilities and no keys.
589 * The caller may change these controls afterwards if desired.
591 * Returns the new credentials or NULL if out of memory.
593 * Does not take, and does not return holding current->cred_replace_mutex.
595 struct cred
*prepare_kernel_cred(struct task_struct
*daemon
)
597 const struct cred
*old
;
600 new = kmem_cache_alloc(cred_jar
, GFP_KERNEL
);
604 kdebug("prepare_kernel_cred() alloc %p", new);
607 old
= get_task_cred(daemon
);
609 old
= get_cred(&init_cred
);
614 atomic_set(&new->usage
, 1);
615 set_cred_subscribers(new, 0);
617 get_user_ns(new->user_ns
);
618 get_group_info(new->group_info
);
621 new->session_keyring
= NULL
;
622 new->process_keyring
= NULL
;
623 new->thread_keyring
= NULL
;
624 new->request_key_auth
= NULL
;
625 new->jit_keyring
= KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_THREAD_KEYRING
;
628 #ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
629 new->security
= NULL
;
631 if (security_prepare_creds(new, old
, GFP_KERNEL
) < 0)
643 EXPORT_SYMBOL(prepare_kernel_cred
);
646 * set_security_override - Set the security ID in a set of credentials
647 * @new: The credentials to alter
648 * @secid: The LSM security ID to set
650 * Set the LSM security ID in a set of credentials so that the subjective
651 * security is overridden when an alternative set of credentials is used.
653 int set_security_override(struct cred
*new, u32 secid
)
655 return security_kernel_act_as(new, secid
);
657 EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_security_override
);
660 * set_security_override_from_ctx - Set the security ID in a set of credentials
661 * @new: The credentials to alter
662 * @secctx: The LSM security context to generate the security ID from.
664 * Set the LSM security ID in a set of credentials so that the subjective
665 * security is overridden when an alternative set of credentials is used. The
666 * security ID is specified in string form as a security context to be
667 * interpreted by the LSM.
669 int set_security_override_from_ctx(struct cred
*new, const char *secctx
)
674 ret
= security_secctx_to_secid(secctx
, strlen(secctx
), &secid
);
678 return set_security_override(new, secid
);
680 EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_security_override_from_ctx
);
683 * set_create_files_as - Set the LSM file create context in a set of credentials
684 * @new: The credentials to alter
685 * @inode: The inode to take the context from
687 * Change the LSM file creation context in a set of credentials to be the same
688 * as the object context of the specified inode, so that the new inodes have
689 * the same MAC context as that inode.
691 int set_create_files_as(struct cred
*new, struct inode
*inode
)
693 new->fsuid
= inode
->i_uid
;
694 new->fsgid
= inode
->i_gid
;
695 return security_kernel_create_files_as(new, inode
);
697 EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_create_files_as
);
699 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
701 bool creds_are_invalid(const struct cred
*cred
)
703 if (cred
->magic
!= CRED_MAGIC
)
705 #ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX
707 * cred->security == NULL if security_cred_alloc_blank() or
708 * security_prepare_creds() returned an error.
710 if (selinux_is_enabled() && cred
->security
) {
711 if ((unsigned long) cred
->security
< PAGE_SIZE
)
713 if ((*(u32
*)cred
->security
& 0xffffff00) ==
714 (POISON_FREE
<< 24 | POISON_FREE
<< 16 | POISON_FREE
<< 8))
720 EXPORT_SYMBOL(creds_are_invalid
);
723 * dump invalid credentials
725 static void dump_invalid_creds(const struct cred
*cred
, const char *label
,
726 const struct task_struct
*tsk
)
728 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: %s credentials: %p %s%s%s\n",
730 cred
== &init_cred
? "[init]" : "",
731 cred
== tsk
->real_cred
? "[real]" : "",
732 cred
== tsk
->cred
? "[eff]" : "");
733 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: ->magic=%x, put_addr=%p\n",
734 cred
->magic
, cred
->put_addr
);
735 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: ->usage=%d, subscr=%d\n",
736 atomic_read(&cred
->usage
),
737 read_cred_subscribers(cred
));
738 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: ->*uid = { %d,%d,%d,%d }\n",
739 from_kuid_munged(&init_user_ns
, cred
->uid
),
740 from_kuid_munged(&init_user_ns
, cred
->euid
),
741 from_kuid_munged(&init_user_ns
, cred
->suid
),
742 from_kuid_munged(&init_user_ns
, cred
->fsuid
));
743 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: ->*gid = { %d,%d,%d,%d }\n",
744 from_kgid_munged(&init_user_ns
, cred
->gid
),
745 from_kgid_munged(&init_user_ns
, cred
->egid
),
746 from_kgid_munged(&init_user_ns
, cred
->sgid
),
747 from_kgid_munged(&init_user_ns
, cred
->fsgid
));
748 #ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
749 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: ->security is %p\n", cred
->security
);
750 if ((unsigned long) cred
->security
>= PAGE_SIZE
&&
751 (((unsigned long) cred
->security
& 0xffffff00) !=
752 (POISON_FREE
<< 24 | POISON_FREE
<< 16 | POISON_FREE
<< 8)))
753 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: ->security {%x, %x}\n",
754 ((u32
*)cred
->security
)[0],
755 ((u32
*)cred
->security
)[1]);
760 * report use of invalid credentials
762 void __invalid_creds(const struct cred
*cred
, const char *file
, unsigned line
)
764 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: Invalid credentials\n");
765 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: At %s:%u\n", file
, line
);
766 dump_invalid_creds(cred
, "Specified", current
);
769 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__invalid_creds
);
772 * check the credentials on a process
774 void __validate_process_creds(struct task_struct
*tsk
,
775 const char *file
, unsigned line
)
777 if (tsk
->cred
== tsk
->real_cred
) {
778 if (unlikely(read_cred_subscribers(tsk
->cred
) < 2 ||
779 creds_are_invalid(tsk
->cred
)))
782 if (unlikely(read_cred_subscribers(tsk
->real_cred
) < 1 ||
783 read_cred_subscribers(tsk
->cred
) < 1 ||
784 creds_are_invalid(tsk
->real_cred
) ||
785 creds_are_invalid(tsk
->cred
)))
791 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: Invalid process credentials\n");
792 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: At %s:%u\n", file
, line
);
794 dump_invalid_creds(tsk
->real_cred
, "Real", tsk
);
795 if (tsk
->cred
!= tsk
->real_cred
)
796 dump_invalid_creds(tsk
->cred
, "Effective", tsk
);
798 printk(KERN_ERR
"CRED: Effective creds == Real creds\n");
801 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__validate_process_creds
);
804 * check creds for do_exit()
806 void validate_creds_for_do_exit(struct task_struct
*tsk
)
808 kdebug("validate_creds_for_do_exit(%p,%p{%d,%d})",
809 tsk
->real_cred
, tsk
->cred
,
810 atomic_read(&tsk
->cred
->usage
),
811 read_cred_subscribers(tsk
->cred
));
813 __validate_process_creds(tsk
, __FILE__
, __LINE__
);
816 #endif /* CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS */